Past Simple Tense, used to

Task 12. Open the brackets and put the verbs in the Past Simple Tense:

1. The history of mechanical engineering goes back to the time when the man first ______ (to try) to make machines.

2. The second industrial revolution, lasted from about 1850 until about 1940 and ______ (to occur) primarily in the United States as well as in continental Europe.

3. The advent of computer which occurred around the middle of this century, featured a new machine that ______ (to influence) the world.

4. In 1801 Richard Trevithick developed a steam powered carriage then he _____ (to demonstrate) an updated version of his locomotive in London in1808.

5. The third industrial revolution ______ (to coincide) with the advent of automation in its inflexible form.

Task 13. Open the brackets using structure used to:

1. In the 18^th century they ______ (to make) textile with the spinning machines.

2. The man ______ (to gather) crops with the help of the simplest tools.

3. In the 18th century people ______ (to operate) spinning machines by horse power.

4. During the period industrial revolution we ______ (view) the process of making things in terms of a system.

5. Previously, craftspeople ______ (to make) goods working at home.

TRANSLATION PRACTICE

Task 14. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English:

1. Починаючи з середини 1700-их років постійні технологічні винаходи викликали значні зміни в людському житті.

2. Промислова революція передбачає широкомасштабні соціальні та економічні зміни, пов'язані із швидким розвитком машинної технології в Європі після 1760 року.

3. У світовій історії початок промислової революції пов'язують з винаходом ефективного парового двигуна у Великобританії у другій половині XVII століття.

4. Першою спробою використання парового двигуна в промисловості вважається водяний насос Томаса Севери, запатентований у 1698 р.

5. Будівництво парових машин і верстатів привело до виникнення машинобудівної галузі.

6. Перший вдалий паротяг, що рухався зі швидкістю 10 км за годину і мав 8 вагонів, створив 1814 року інженер Джордж Стефенсон.

7. Пароплав з’явився у 20-х рр. ХІХ ст., коли американський механік Роберт Фултон установив парову машину на своєму судні.

Task 15. Translate the following sentences from English into Ukrainian:

1. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production.

2. Before mechanization and factories, textiles were made mainly in people’s homes, with merchants often providing the raw materials and basic equipment, and then picking up the finished product.

3. Communication became easier during the Industrial Revolution with such inventions as the telegraph.

4. Children were part of the labor force and often worked long hours and were used for such highly hazardous tasks as cleaning the machinery.

5. Coal mining today continues to be a hazardous job, though modern machinery and safety equipment have made the industry more efficient and safe.

6. Industrialization in America involved three important developments. First, transportation was expanded, second, electricity was effectively harnessed and third, improvements were made to industrial processes such as improving the refining process and accelerating production.

7. The large scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution.

SPEAKING

Task 16. Work in pairs. Imagine you are a reporter interviewing a historian about industrial revolutions and the inventions led to it. Discuss all effects of such inventions on each sphere of our life. Give all your pros and cons.

Words and phrases: industrialization, steam engine, spinning machine, tool, innovation, to change, to cause, to occur, internal combustion, source, craftspeople, automation, manufacturing, electronic, robot, etc.

Plan: What is an industrial revolution?

1. Different stages of industrial revolution, main reasons.

2. Most important inventions of each stage.

3. The influence of inventions of industrial revolution on human’s life.

WRITING

Task 17. Imagine that you are a young scientist and you have to speak at the annual international conference about an invention you are going to create in the future. Write a short plan of your report in order to be ready for presenting it at the conference (60 – 80 words).

Words and phrases: to solve problem, to drive, to create, to invent, device, gadget, machine, efficient, important, environment-friendly, powerful, etc.

Plan:

1. What is your invention?

2. Why have you decided to make such invention?

3. Why is your creation important and useful?