The Past Participle
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Формальною ознакою Past Participle у реченні є закінчення -ed у правильних дієслів і ІІІ форма неправильних дієслів: discussed; dealt.
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Інструкція
6
Не забудьте, що за допомогою
закінчення -ed
утворюється також і ІІ
форма правильних
дієслів, яка виконує в реченні функцію
присудка.
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Можливі засоби передачі Past Participle українською мовою
Our partners were disappointed. – Наші партнери були розчаровані.
а) після означуваного слова
The money lent to this firm is likely to be lost. – Гроші, позичені цій фірмі, напевно, будуть втрачені.
We received the list of goods imported by this firm. - Ми отримали перелік товарів, що імпортуються цією фірмою. б) перед означуваним словом
The obtained data will be verified in further investigations. – Отримані дані будуть перевірені у подальших дослідженнях.
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Інструкція 7
*Вправа 8. (Робота у парах). У поданих нижче реченнях:
1) визначте випадки, коли слово з закінченням –ed є Past Participle;
2) установіть функцію Past Participle.
The newspaper featured the sharp rise predicated by economists.
The measures declared by the government have changed the situation for the better.
They are supposed to be developing a revolutionary new product.
When I arrived at the office, the meeting had started.
The figures published in The Economist demonstrated a certain rise in productivity.
We published the figures obtained during the market research.
We used the forecast based on the present market condition.
They showed us a list of the invited guests.
They are regularly informed of the latest developments at the Stock Exchange.
You should have the photocopier mended.
Most of the senior managers were fired after the takeover.
The captain has informed us of the quantity of wheat loaded.
*Вправа 9. (Робота у невеликих групах). У поданих нижче реченнях:
1) визначте функцію Past Participle;
2) користуючись інструкціями 6 - 7, передайте речення засобами рідної мови;
3) прочитайте англійські речення уголос.
The figures given in the report are not interesting for our department.
The equipment bought last year is in a good condition.
The exchange rates for currencies sold and bought in exchange offices are only valid regionally.
Federal Reserve System is the central banking system of the USA, set up by the Federal Government in 1913.
The US dollar is now the most counterfeited currency in the world.
The Aluminium Alloy Co. Ltd., Great Britain, hereinafter referred to as the Seller, on the one part, and the Jameson Construction Co. Ltd., Australia, hereinafter referred to as the Buyer, on the other part, have concluded the present Contract.
Income tax and capital gains tax are charged for a tax year, sometimes called a fiscal year.
The head of the Bank is Governor of the Bank appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
*Вправа 10. (Робота у парах). У поданих нижче реченнях:
1) визначте функцію Past Participle;
2) намагаючись не звертатися до інструкцій, передайте речення засобами рідної мови;
3) прочитайте англійські речення уголос.
When his tax position is clarified, the employee receives a refund of any tax overpaid.
Money is any generally accepted means of payment for delivery of goods or the settlement of debt.
By collectively agreeing to use token money, society economises on the scarce resources required to produce money as a medium of exchange.
In the UK, the commercial banking system comprises about 600 registered banks.
The Issue Department of the Bank of England purchases financial securities issued by the government.
A required reserve ratio is a minimum ratio of cash reserves to deposits that the central bank requires commercial banks to hold.
The money market is in equilibrium when the quantity of real balances demanded equals the quantity supplied.
Commercial banks try to make a profit by efficiently using the funds given to them by depositors.
Вправа 11 (контрольна). У поданих нижче реченнях визначте всі випадки неособових форм дієслова. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
The mining industry figures are expected to jump.
The visitors watched Mr. Clark unpacking the parcel.
The company produces various drinks, exporting them to many European countries.
To be accepted in exchange, money has to be a store of value.
Nobody will accept money as payment for goods supplied today if the money is going to be of no value when they try to buy goods with it tomorrow.
It is usually convenient to make money the unit of account and standard of deferred payment.
The money supply being the monetary base multiplied by the money multiplier, open market operations, altering the monetary base, alter the money supply.
It is important not to destroy the advantage of a monopoly.
We look forward to Peter’s joining us as soon as possible.
They introduced the bill in order not to let unemployment grow.
The inflation rate is not thought to diminish this decade.
Nobody expected them to raise prices so dramatically.
They were afraid that the central bank might delay cutting short-term interest rate.
The average inflation rate is unlikely to go up.
Your financing this project is not surprising.
Being informed that the flight would be delayed, we made other arrangements.
It’s the price he has to pay for not having been taught how to work when he was a boy.
The company is believed to have lost a great deal of money on the deal.
He is supposed to be the richest man in the world.
The company avoided being taken over by splitting up into several different groups.
Flying Business Class can make overseas trips less stressful.
The US government is said to have threatened to oppose the bond issue.
Having collected all the material, he was able to write a full report on the work of the commission.
To induce people to hold more bonds, suppliers of bonds must offer a higher interest rate.
Developed by Professor M. Friedman, the hypothesis of permanent income starts from two ideas: first, people’s incomes fluctuate; second, people dislike fluctuating consumption.
Professor M. Friedman criticised the attempt to control the money supply indirectly through income, interest rates, and hence money demand.
Money and interest rates affect consumer spending by affecting both the quantity of consumer credit and the interest rates charged on it.
According to the life-cycle hypothesis, the average long-term income is likely to determine the total demand for consumer spending.
The increase of inflation proved to be a costly result of Keynesian policies.
We had better start to pay attention to the supply problems rather than focusing exclusively on aggregate demand.
*Вправа 12. (Робота у парах). А) Прочитайте статтю з журналу The Economist і придумайте заголовок до неї.
Drive down Spencer Road in St Peters, Missouri, and you will get a shock. Suddenly the speed limit changes from 35 mph to 60. But take it easy! If you look closer, you will see a k in place of an m. These are kilometres you are dealing with.
Without warning, the St Peters City Street Department decided in May to change its road signs to metric units. Officials said that the Federal Highway Administration had announced that all road signs must become metric by September 1996.
There was a public protest, so the FHA decided to ask the public how they would react to using the metric system. Of those asked, 88% objected to changing road signs to metric by 1996 – or whenever. They were supported by over 170 members of Congress, who said they would prefer to spend the estimated $200 million on urgent repairs to roads and bridges.
Under this pressure, the FHA postponed introducing the changes indefinitely, giving a victory to the opponents of metrification. The vast majority of Americans would not like to convert to the metric system. They are used to drinking Coke from 2-litre bottles, but they would not look forward to having kilograms, kilometres, or degrees Celsius. As one person put it, ‘We Americans have put 12 men on the moon. This metric system is a French idea, and we have nothing to learn from a country that reads the number 99 as “four twenties and nineteen”’.
The Economist, July 30 1994
Б) Визначте твердження, які не відповідають змісту тексту.
In Missouri drivers are allowed to drive much faster than anywhere else.
The City Street Department in St Peters did not notify citizens about changing the road signs.
The Federal Highway Administration objected to changing the road signs.
Questioning the public showed that too few people would like to have the metric system.
More than 170 members of Congress backed the idea of spending $200 million on introducing the metric system.
The FHA delayed metrification for an indefinite period.
Many Americans are accustomed to having litres in their everyday life.
They do not wait for having kilograms and kilometres because they dislike speaking French.
В) Прочитайте текст ще раз, потім перекажіть його, вживаючи неособові форми дієслова, які містяться в ньому.
*Вправа 13. (Робота у невеликих групах). А) Прочитайте текст і придумайте заголовок до нього.
Б) Випишіть із тексту неособові форми дієслова.
В) Не дивлячись у текст, спробуйте відтворити речення з неособовими формами дієслова.
Most businesses are proprietorships owned and operated by a single person. The owner collects any profits, but if the venture loses money and the business cannot cover the loss, he or she is responsible for paying the bills – even if doing so decreases his or her personal assets. Sole proprietorships are flexible, since owners can make decisions quickly without having to consult others. By law, individual proprietors pay fewer taxesthan corporations.
However, since sole proprietorships generally are dependent on the amount of money their owners can save or borrow they usually lack the resources to develop into large-scale enterprises.
One way to start or expand a venture is to create a partnership with two or more co-owners. Partnerships enable entrepreneurs to combine their talents; one partner may be qualified in production, while another may excel at markrting, for instance. Co-owners generally sign legal agreements specifying each partner’s duties.
A major disadvantage of partnerships is that each member is liable for all of a partnership’s debts. If one partner wastes money from the business, for instance, the others must share in paying the debt.
Based on Small-Business Structure. In: Outline of the U.S.Economy. -
U.S. Department of State Office of International Information Programs
http://isinfo.statw.gov
*Вправа 14. (Робота у парах). А) Прочитайте текст. Випишіть усі неособові форми дієслова, що містяться у ньому.