- •2. Stylistic Lexicology: classification and distinctive features of the main layers of the English vocabulary
- •3. Stylistic Morphology: Transposition of the notional parts of speech.
- •4. Stylistic Phonetics
- •5. Stylistic Semasiology: Stylistic devices based on the interaction of different types of lexical meaning
- •7.Principles of the Literary Text Structure Cohesion
- •1) Situational (registerial) coherence
- •2) Generic (жанрова)
- •III. Intentionality and IV. Acceptibility
- •9. Literary Text Setting: types and functions
- •8.Literary Text Character Types and Methods of Characterization
- •10. Aspects of Translator Reliability
- •11. Transformations in Translation
- •12.Define the notion of Science and Scientific Schools
- •Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
- •The structuralists
- •The London School
- •Noam Chomsky and Generative Grammar
- •The Contemporary Scene
- •Publication
- •General scientific summaries
- •Instructions
- •14 Define the main principles of language classification
- •16 Dwell on the development of the English graphemics
- •18. Old English Verb Paradigm
- •15.Speak on the Germanic invasion of Britain and its role in the formation of the nation and the language
- •20Methodology and related sciences.
- •21. Ian Comenius and his Method
- •23.Traditional Approaches to Language Teaching
- •22.Methodology of tefl: basic categories and aims.
- •24. Grammatical categories and grammatical forms
- •27. Verbals in English
- •28. The category of Voice (c of V)
- •29. Classification of sentences
- •30. Classification of Phrases
- •31. The definition and dimensions of communication
- •32. Components of the communication process
- •33. Modern Communication Theories
- •2. Language Expectancy Theory
- •3. Psycho-linguistic theory
- •4. Framing theory
- •5. Network theory
- •6. Social cognitive theory
- •34. Barriers of Communication
- •35. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
- •36. Models of the Communication Process
- •37. Word meaning
- •38. Polysemy and homonymy in the English language
- •39. Word Formation: basic problem, definition, types
- •40. Borrowings in the English Language
- •1. According to the aspect which is borrowed,
- •2. According to the degree of assimilation,
- •3. According to the language from which the word was borrowed.
- •Italian Borrowings
- •41. Phraseological Units: definition & classifications
- •42. Semantic classification of words
- •43. Generative - Transformational Grammar: general characteristics.
- •44. The Scope of the Study of Pragmatics
- •45. General Methods of Obtaining and Processing Linguistic Data
- •Methods
- •1. Informants – an empirical, active method
- •2. Recording – an empirical, active, instrumental method
- •3. Elicitation (встановлення правди)
- •4. Experiments
- •5. The comparative method. The reconstruction technique.
- •7. Computer Techniques
- •46. Basics concepts of lcs: background knowledge, communicative competence.
- •47. Realia as linguo-cultural elements of Linguo-Country studies. Classification of realia.
- •48. Prehistoric Britain. Celtic words in Modern English
- •49 ) English language chronology and highlights or the british history
- •50. English as Lingua Franca for the Modern World. Standard English & Received Pronunciation
45. General Methods of Obtaining and Processing Linguistic Data
Method in a science presupposes the terminology and definite means of research and description of the material within the framework of a certain theory.
A theory should contain the data about the properties which are necessary and highly ikely for a –ge, which are true of a certain l-ge and majority of l-ges.
Diachronic (historical) & synchronic types of lin-cs have developed as a result of the distinction introduced by Saussure, the former is the study of l-ge change, the latter is the study of l-ge states regardless of their history.
When lin-cs try to establish general principles for the study of all l-ges, they are said to be practicing Theoretical (General) Ling-cs. When they concentrate on establishing the facts of a particular l-ge system, they practice Descriptive Ling-cs. And when the focus is on the similarities and differences btw l-ges, the subject is often reffered to as Comparative (Typological) Lin-cs.
L-cs (scientific study of l-ge) shares with other sciences a concern to be objective, systematic, consistent, and explicit in its accounts of l-ge. Like other sciences, lin-cs aims to collect data, test hypotheses, design models, and construct theories.
Methods
1. Informants – an empirical, active method
In all cases someone has to act as a source of l-ge data- an informant or consultant. Informants are ideally native speakers of a l-ge, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the –ge (e.g. translation, comment about correctness or judgment on usage). Many factors must be considered when selecting informants:
Whether one is working with single speakers, 2 ppl interacting, small groups, or large-scale samples
Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity
The topic of the conversation, the characteristics of the social setting (e.g. level of formality)
The personal qualities of the informants (fluency and consistency)
2. Recording – an empirical, active, instrumental method
Form: audio-recording and video-recording
Useful techniques for obtaining good quality data:
Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact
To make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the recorder out of sight of using radio microphones
To introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural l-ge style.
A facial expression can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extend, but even they have limitations ( the cameras can be highly intrusive, and cannot be everywhere) and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an observer.
3. Elicitation (встановлення правди)
- structured sessions
- translation techniques (bi-linguistics)
- interview worksheets and questionnaires
- a restricted set of questions
- indirect methods of elicitation: asking info to fill the blanks in a substitution frame or feeding them with the wrong stimulus for correction (is it possible to say “ I no can see”?)