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7.Principles of the Literary Text Structure Cohesion

Text (form latin ‘textus’ – combination)

  • Is a a communicative occurrence which meets 7 standards of textuality;

  • I. COHERENCE – refer to the way a group of clause or sentences relate to the context (a coherent text has an underline logical structure that guides reader throughout a text, so it sticks together as a unit.

We recognize two levels of context

1) of situation (=register= uk . стиль)

2) of culture (refers to genre)

Correspondingly, we recognize 2 types of coherence:

1) Situational (registerial) coherence

2) Generic (жанрова)

Register – is a form of language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.

Registers are linguistic varieties, linked to occupation or professions or topics.

We recognize medical, law, technical, scientific registers…

Registers are by the use of part.words.

Discourse – used a a synonym for register.

Style – a range of variations within the speech of an individual speaker. – it is a social dialect.

A text has

A situational coherence when we can think of 1 situation in which all the clauses of the text could occur.

  • Here we can specify a field, a mode and a tenor.

  • A field concerns domain (what is going on&)

  • Mode concerns medium (спосіб) speech or writing and channel (face-to-face, phone)

  • Tenor presupposes participants (who is taking part)

Generic coherence – when we can recognize a particular genre.

II. COHESION - is the text internal properties.

It describes the ways, competence of the sentence of a text are mutually connected (both grammatically and lexically)

The task of textual analysis is to identify the linguistic features that cause the sentence sequence to cohere.

He key notion is a sentence tie.

Types of cohesive factors:

1) conjunctive relations

e.g. I left early, however, he stayed till the end

2) co-reference; features that cannot be semantically interpreted without referring to some other features in the text

  • anaphoric (looks backwards) e.g. Several people approached .

They seemed angry.

  • cataphoric (looks forward) e.g. Listen to this! Lane is getting married.

  • substitution (proforms)

e.g. I’ve got a pencil.

Have you got one?

  • Ellipsis

  • repeated forms (repetition)

  • lexical relationships

E.g. Flowers are lovely.

She likes tulips best.

  • comparison

e.g. The house was bad.

This one was worse.

III. Intentionality and IV. Acceptibility

Pair principles. Mostly used on pragmatics.

V. INFORMATIVITY has to do with the way parts of the text have communicative value. Syntax plays very important role. The longer the utterance is – the more informative it is.

VI. CONTEXTUALITY focuses on the context (with pragmatics and sociolinguitics)

Pragmatics focuses on what the participants intend to accomplish through the use of language.

Sociolinguistics – study of l-ge in use, study of the relation between the l-ge and the society.

VII. INTERTEXTUALITY the least linguistic principle.

It has to do with literature.

Stands for the connotation of one text with another.

Two levels of a l-ge unit realization: 1) Emic – refers to l-ge level. 2) Etic – is a speech level

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