- •2. Stylistic Lexicology: classification and distinctive features of the main layers of the English vocabulary
- •3. Stylistic Morphology: Transposition of the notional parts of speech.
- •4. Stylistic Phonetics
- •5. Stylistic Semasiology: Stylistic devices based on the interaction of different types of lexical meaning
- •7.Principles of the Literary Text Structure Cohesion
- •1) Situational (registerial) coherence
- •2) Generic (жанрова)
- •III. Intentionality and IV. Acceptibility
- •9. Literary Text Setting: types and functions
- •8.Literary Text Character Types and Methods of Characterization
- •10. Aspects of Translator Reliability
- •11. Transformations in Translation
- •12.Define the notion of Science and Scientific Schools
- •Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
- •The structuralists
- •The London School
- •Noam Chomsky and Generative Grammar
- •The Contemporary Scene
- •Publication
- •General scientific summaries
- •Instructions
- •14 Define the main principles of language classification
- •16 Dwell on the development of the English graphemics
- •18. Old English Verb Paradigm
- •15.Speak on the Germanic invasion of Britain and its role in the formation of the nation and the language
- •20Methodology and related sciences.
- •21. Ian Comenius and his Method
- •23.Traditional Approaches to Language Teaching
- •22.Methodology of tefl: basic categories and aims.
- •24. Grammatical categories and grammatical forms
- •27. Verbals in English
- •28. The category of Voice (c of V)
- •29. Classification of sentences
- •30. Classification of Phrases
- •31. The definition and dimensions of communication
- •32. Components of the communication process
- •33. Modern Communication Theories
- •2. Language Expectancy Theory
- •3. Psycho-linguistic theory
- •4. Framing theory
- •5. Network theory
- •6. Social cognitive theory
- •34. Barriers of Communication
- •35. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
- •36. Models of the Communication Process
- •37. Word meaning
- •38. Polysemy and homonymy in the English language
- •39. Word Formation: basic problem, definition, types
- •40. Borrowings in the English Language
- •1. According to the aspect which is borrowed,
- •2. According to the degree of assimilation,
- •3. According to the language from which the word was borrowed.
- •Italian Borrowings
- •41. Phraseological Units: definition & classifications
- •42. Semantic classification of words
- •43. Generative - Transformational Grammar: general characteristics.
- •44. The Scope of the Study of Pragmatics
- •45. General Methods of Obtaining and Processing Linguistic Data
- •Methods
- •1. Informants – an empirical, active method
- •2. Recording – an empirical, active, instrumental method
- •3. Elicitation (встановлення правди)
- •4. Experiments
- •5. The comparative method. The reconstruction technique.
- •7. Computer Techniques
- •46. Basics concepts of lcs: background knowledge, communicative competence.
- •47. Realia as linguo-cultural elements of Linguo-Country studies. Classification of realia.
- •48. Prehistoric Britain. Celtic words in Modern English
- •49 ) English language chronology and highlights or the british history
- •50. English as Lingua Franca for the Modern World. Standard English & Received Pronunciation
33. Modern Communication Theories
1. Speech Act Theoryis built on the foundation laid by Wittgenstein. He began a line of thought called “Ordinary Language Philosophy”. He taught that the meaning of language depends on its actual use. Language as used in ordinary life is a language game because it consists of certain rules. To understand a language one must understand the speaker’s intentions. Since language is an intentional behavior it should be treated like a form of action. This form is called speech act. The speech act is the basic unit of language used to express meaning; it’s an utterance that expresses an intention. Normally the speech act is a sentence, but it also can be a word or a phrase. Understanding the speaker’s intention is essential to capture the meaning. Without the speaker’s intention it is impossible to understand the words as a speech act. There are 4 types of speech acts:
1) utterance acts
2) propositional acts
3) illocutionary acts (promises, questions, commands)
4) perlocutionary acts, which demand some behavioral response from the listener.
Speech act theory is important for communication because it provides a basis for examining what happens when speaker’s use different definitions and behavior rules. By analyzing the rules used by every speaker, we can understand why conversational misunderstanding may occur.
2. Language Expectancy Theory
R. A. Brooks provided a spark to begin developing the Language expectancy theory. He had expectations about what a source might or might not say in persuasive messages
It is formalized model about message strategies and attitude and behavior change. Message strategies include verbal aggression like fear appeal, explicit opinions, language intensity which looks like a combat. Language expectancy theory assumes that language is a rule governed system and people develop expectations concerning the language in persuasive attempts. Expectations are a function of cultural and sociological norms, arising from cultural values and societal standards for communication. The language expectancy theory explains the effect of the use of different language intensity on people who use persuasive messages. It is used as a theoretical framework to explain the effects of message persuasiveness.
3. Psycho-linguistic theory
According to this theory language is a product of reasoning and therefor accessible to general analysis. Language performs some cognitive functions. Cognitive linguistics regards language functions of the brain as linked to all functions of the brain. This function of the language is a learned ability biologically based on the reasoning mechanism of our brain. Applied in communication science this theory means that a particular use of language in messages has more or less persuasive power, depending on the value system, the effort and the motivation of receivers.
4. Framing theory
The basis of framing theory is that the speaker focuses attention on certain events and then places them within a field of meaning. Framing is a quality of communication that leads other to accept one meaning over another (metaphor). It’s a skill with profound effects on how society members understand and respond to the world in which they live. Framing consists of 3 elements: language, thought and forethought. Language helps us to remember info and acts to transform the way in which we view the situation. To use language people must have thoughts which reflect their own interpretative perception of the world. People must learn to frame situations on the constant in different situations. Being able to do that people should have a forethought to predict different framing opportunities. There are several possibilities to frame situations:
- metaphors – to give an idea a new meaning by comparing it to smth else (battle with cancer)
- stories (myths, legends) – to frame a subject in a vivid and memorable way
- slogans, jargons and catch phrases – to frame a subject in a memorable and familiar fashion
- contrast – to describe a subject in terms of what it is not (awfully beautiful)
- spin – to talk about a concept as to give it a positive or negative connotation