- •2. Stylistic Lexicology: classification and distinctive features of the main layers of the English vocabulary
- •3. Stylistic Morphology: Transposition of the notional parts of speech.
- •4. Stylistic Phonetics
- •5. Stylistic Semasiology: Stylistic devices based on the interaction of different types of lexical meaning
- •7.Principles of the Literary Text Structure Cohesion
- •1) Situational (registerial) coherence
- •2) Generic (жанрова)
- •III. Intentionality and IV. Acceptibility
- •9. Literary Text Setting: types and functions
- •8.Literary Text Character Types and Methods of Characterization
- •10. Aspects of Translator Reliability
- •11. Transformations in Translation
- •12.Define the notion of Science and Scientific Schools
- •Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
- •The structuralists
- •The London School
- •Noam Chomsky and Generative Grammar
- •The Contemporary Scene
- •Publication
- •General scientific summaries
- •Instructions
- •14 Define the main principles of language classification
- •16 Dwell on the development of the English graphemics
- •18. Old English Verb Paradigm
- •15.Speak on the Germanic invasion of Britain and its role in the formation of the nation and the language
- •20Methodology and related sciences.
- •21. Ian Comenius and his Method
- •23.Traditional Approaches to Language Teaching
- •22.Methodology of tefl: basic categories and aims.
- •24. Grammatical categories and grammatical forms
- •27. Verbals in English
- •28. The category of Voice (c of V)
- •29. Classification of sentences
- •30. Classification of Phrases
- •31. The definition and dimensions of communication
- •32. Components of the communication process
- •33. Modern Communication Theories
- •2. Language Expectancy Theory
- •3. Psycho-linguistic theory
- •4. Framing theory
- •5. Network theory
- •6. Social cognitive theory
- •34. Barriers of Communication
- •35. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
- •36. Models of the Communication Process
- •37. Word meaning
- •38. Polysemy and homonymy in the English language
- •39. Word Formation: basic problem, definition, types
- •40. Borrowings in the English Language
- •1. According to the aspect which is borrowed,
- •2. According to the degree of assimilation,
- •3. According to the language from which the word was borrowed.
- •Italian Borrowings
- •41. Phraseological Units: definition & classifications
- •42. Semantic classification of words
- •43. Generative - Transformational Grammar: general characteristics.
- •44. The Scope of the Study of Pragmatics
- •45. General Methods of Obtaining and Processing Linguistic Data
- •Methods
- •1. Informants – an empirical, active method
- •2. Recording – an empirical, active, instrumental method
- •3. Elicitation (встановлення правди)
- •4. Experiments
- •5. The comparative method. The reconstruction technique.
- •7. Computer Techniques
- •46. Basics concepts of lcs: background knowledge, communicative competence.
- •47. Realia as linguo-cultural elements of Linguo-Country studies. Classification of realia.
- •48. Prehistoric Britain. Celtic words in Modern English
- •49 ) English language chronology and highlights or the british history
- •50. English as Lingua Franca for the Modern World. Standard English & Received Pronunciation
28. The category of Voice (c of V)
C of V can be defined as the first showing whether the source of the action lies with the Subject of the sentence or not. If the subject acts – we have Act Voice, if the subject is acted upon – passive voice.
Some English grammarians speak of more voices such as the middle voice that is intransitive or the transitive verbs are used intransitively (e.g. he sleeps),in this case the verb has n object.
They also recognize reflexive and reciprocal voices and some combine them into one reflexive-reciprocal voice. These voices are made by the combination of active form of the verb and reflexive pronouns and reciprocal (each other) pronouns.
The Q of reflexive and peciprocal voices could be solved positively if we accept the combination of the active form with the reflexive or reciprocal pronouns as normal, analytical,morphological forms. Besides in coll. speech refl. and recipr. pronouns are usually dropped without any change of meaning (e.g. he washes, we met).
Therefore, it seems the best to limit the conception of English verbal voices only be the 2: active and passive.
Comparative frequency of the use of the passive voice in English and /Ukrainian
Communicative reason of preference the passive voice in both l-ges is the same:
- the doer is unknown or we prefer not to mention the doer
Isomorphism or allomorphism is observed in the expression if the passive voice is in English or Ukr.
Isomorphic is the analytical way of expression of this morphological category with the help of aux. verb ‘to be’ + past participle (лист був надісланий)
Allomorphic are forms of expression the Passive voice synthetically that are also observed in Ukr.
29. Classification of sentences
The sentence is a minimal unit of communication. From the viewpoint of their role in the process of communication sentences are divided into 4 types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory. A declarative sentence contains a statement which gives the reader or the listener some information about various events, activities or attitudes, thoughts and feelings. A statement may be positive (affirmative) or negative. Falling tone. Interrogative sentences contain questions. Their communicative function consists in asking for information. In general (yes/no) questions the speaker is interested to know whether some event or phenomenon asked about exists or does not exist. Rising tone. A general question opens with a verb operator, that is, an auxiliary, modal or link verb followed by the subject. Is that girl a friend of yours? Can you speak French? Special questions open with an interrogative pronoun or a pronominal adverb, the function of which is to get more detailed and exact information about some event or phenomenon known to the speaker and listener. Falling tone. A tag (disjunctive) question is a short "yes-no" question added to a statement. Rising tone. An alternative question implies a choice between two or more alternative answers. The conjunction or links either two homogeneous parts of the sentence or two coordinate clauses. Rising & falling tone. Suggestive questions (declarative) keep the word order of statement but serve as questions owing to the rising tone in speaking: You still don't believe me, sir? So you knew about it before? A rhetorical question contains a statement disguised as a question, which is usually positive hiding a negative statement. No answer is expected. What else could I do? Imperative sentences express commands which convey the desire of the speaker to make someone, generally the listener, perform an action. Besides they may express prohibition, a request, an invitation, a warning, persuasion, depending on the situation, context or intonation. Stand up! Mostly falling tone. Exclamatory sentence. Each of the communicative sentence types, besides performing their main communicative function, may serve as exclamations. You do look a picture of health! (statement) Hurry up! (command). An exclamation as a sentence type opens with one of the pronominal words what and how; it expresses feelings of emotions. What refers to a noun, how to an adjective or an adverb.
Types of modality
Grammatical or syntactic modality expresses actions viewed upon as real, unreal, optative, hypothetic, conditional, incentive, interrogative, etc. The principal means of expressing such actions are mood forms of the verbs (indicative, imperative and subjunctive). These mood forms are realized in sentences of optative or wishful (бажальна), incentive (спонукальна) and subjunctive (умовна) modality. Modality is concerned with the writer’s attitude towards what he or she is asserting about the state of the world in so far as they believe it to be true or false: how certain they are of what they are saying, whether it is definite knowledge or a matter of speculation, whether it is possibly, probably or definitely true; a deduction, a prediction, or a supposition.
1. Modal Verbs:
2. Verb Phrases:
would sooner
be supposed to
3. Other Common verbs which can express modality:
appear
believe
expect
4. Modal Adverbs:
necessarily
possibly
probably
5. Adverbials of Modality
for definite
for sure
6. Subordinate clauses
as far as I recall
in so far as I can be certain
when I think back
According to structure: simple, compound, complex. complex-compound. Simple: 2member, 1member (nominal or verbal); extended or unextended. If one or both principal parts are missing the S is called incomplete or elliptical (What are U doing tonight?-Going to the theatre).