- •2. Stylistic Lexicology: classification and distinctive features of the main layers of the English vocabulary
- •3. Stylistic Morphology: Transposition of the notional parts of speech.
- •4. Stylistic Phonetics
- •5. Stylistic Semasiology: Stylistic devices based on the interaction of different types of lexical meaning
- •7.Principles of the Literary Text Structure Cohesion
- •1) Situational (registerial) coherence
- •2) Generic (жанрова)
- •III. Intentionality and IV. Acceptibility
- •9. Literary Text Setting: types and functions
- •8.Literary Text Character Types and Methods of Characterization
- •10. Aspects of Translator Reliability
- •11. Transformations in Translation
- •12.Define the notion of Science and Scientific Schools
- •Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
- •The structuralists
- •The London School
- •Noam Chomsky and Generative Grammar
- •The Contemporary Scene
- •Publication
- •General scientific summaries
- •Instructions
- •14 Define the main principles of language classification
- •16 Dwell on the development of the English graphemics
- •18. Old English Verb Paradigm
- •15.Speak on the Germanic invasion of Britain and its role in the formation of the nation and the language
- •20Methodology and related sciences.
- •21. Ian Comenius and his Method
- •23.Traditional Approaches to Language Teaching
- •22.Methodology of tefl: basic categories and aims.
- •24. Grammatical categories and grammatical forms
- •27. Verbals in English
- •28. The category of Voice (c of V)
- •29. Classification of sentences
- •30. Classification of Phrases
- •31. The definition and dimensions of communication
- •32. Components of the communication process
- •33. Modern Communication Theories
- •2. Language Expectancy Theory
- •3. Psycho-linguistic theory
- •4. Framing theory
- •5. Network theory
- •6. Social cognitive theory
- •34. Barriers of Communication
- •35. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication
- •36. Models of the Communication Process
- •37. Word meaning
- •38. Polysemy and homonymy in the English language
- •39. Word Formation: basic problem, definition, types
- •40. Borrowings in the English Language
- •1. According to the aspect which is borrowed,
- •2. According to the degree of assimilation,
- •3. According to the language from which the word was borrowed.
- •Italian Borrowings
- •41. Phraseological Units: definition & classifications
- •42. Semantic classification of words
- •43. Generative - Transformational Grammar: general characteristics.
- •44. The Scope of the Study of Pragmatics
- •45. General Methods of Obtaining and Processing Linguistic Data
- •Methods
- •1. Informants – an empirical, active method
- •2. Recording – an empirical, active, instrumental method
- •3. Elicitation (встановлення правди)
- •4. Experiments
- •5. The comparative method. The reconstruction technique.
- •7. Computer Techniques
- •46. Basics concepts of lcs: background knowledge, communicative competence.
- •47. Realia as linguo-cultural elements of Linguo-Country studies. Classification of realia.
- •48. Prehistoric Britain. Celtic words in Modern English
- •49 ) English language chronology and highlights or the british history
- •50. English as Lingua Franca for the Modern World. Standard English & Received Pronunciation
30. Classification of Phrases
Phrase is a grammatical unit, intermediate btw a word & a clause, which may consist of just one word (its head) or its head & expressions (including other phrases) that modify or complement it. Each component can undergo grammatical changes without destroying the identity of the whole unit: to see a house – to see houses.
According to their distribution: paratactic (free relations btw elements: Yes, please) and hypotactic (interdependence): endocentric: subordinative (fresh milk) and coordinative (some pens and pencils); exocentric: predicative (for him to do) and prepositional (at sunrise).
According to the type of connection:
Subordinative – dependence btw elements. They’re binary structures. They can always be divided into 2 immediate constituents – head and modifier. Kinds: adverbial (to speak slowly), objective (to see a house), attributive (a beautiful flower). Forms: agreement (this books – these books), government (help us Peter’s book), adjoinment (reading fact, the use of the modifying participles Just, Only, Even), enclosure (the use of modal words and their equivalents Really, After, All).
Coordinative – consist of 2 or more syntactically equivalent units joined in a cluster which functions as a single unit. Kinds: symmetric (interchangeability of elements – pens & pencils), asymmetric (fixed elements – ladies & gentlemen). Acc to presence or absence of connectors – syndetic and asyndetic. Forms: copulative (you and me), disjunctive (you or me), adversative (strict but just), causative-consecutive (sentence and text level only).
Predicative (nexus) phrases are distinguished on the basis of secondary predication: the lesson is over.
A phrase is a grammatical unit containing of a head word and any complements or modifier. Central element – head. Phrases consist minimally of a HEAD: children. It has zero-article + Noun = phrase. A string of elements may appear before a Head – pre-head: the small children. A string of elements after the Head – post-head: the small children in class 5.
A modifier – word, phrase or clause that functions as an adj or adv to limit or qualify the meaning of the head, modifiers include adj, adv, demonstratives, possessive pronouns, prepositional phrase, degree modifiers.
A qualifier – words or phrases used to attribute a quality to another word, esp a noun or in systemic gr words, phrases or clauses added after a N to qualify its meaning.
Complements – phrasal elements that a head must combine with: direct or indirect object.
Adjuncts – words or group of words which indicate the circumstances of the action (prep phrase or adv group).
Acc to ways in which phrases are constituted: non-headed and headed.
Acc to structure: simple (all elements are obligatory), expanded (equal in rank), extended (dependent element becomes a head).
Acc to number of constituents: binary (cold weather) and multiple (a girl with blue eyes).
Acc to synt function of adjunct: attributive, adverbial, objectival.
Acc to position of adjunct: with prepositive adjunct (cold weather), postpositive (money to spend), mistpositive (did not know), frame structures (as good as).
Acc to morphological classification: substantival (mainly attributive adjuncts may be in preposition or postposition to the N head: cotton yarn, the people invited); verbal (with simple objective or adverbial complements: to like books; with extended or expanded complements: to like to play the piano; with simple or extended objective and adverbial complements: to like to read and translate a passage); adjectival (worth reading, good for you); pronominal (heads usu are indefinite, negative or demonstrative pronouns: he himself, something new); numerical (the first to come, two of such birds); adverbial (headed by adverbial phrases or adverbs: terribly well, earlier than I could see); statival (afraid to answer, soon asleep).