Indirect speech 1

When we tell people what somebody said or thought we often use indirect speech .Statements are usually reported with a past tense verb and optional that. The form of the verb that follows the moves back in time.

Tenses and pronouns change in indirect speech if the time and speaker are different:

Direct Indirect speech

Present Indefinite - Past Indefinite

Present Continuous - Past Continuous

Present Perfect - Past Perfect

Past Indefinite - Past Perfect

Future Indefinite - Future Indefinite in the Past

We also change some time and place expressions if the context has changed:

Direct Indirect speech

This that

These those

Here there

Now then

Today that day

This week that week

Yesterday the day before

Last week the week before

Two days ago two days before

Tomorrow the next day

Next week the next week

Direct speech «I am a very sorry». Jane : “I will be ready in a moment ” She said, “ My name is Lena ”. ( Она сказала: « Меня зовут Лена ».) He said, “ I will come tomorrow ”. She said, “ I wasn’t here yesterday ”. Jane said, “I don’t like this book”. My father said, “ I visited this place two years ago ”.

Indirect speech He says ( that )he is very sorry. Jane says that she’ll be ready in a moment. She said that her name was Lena. She told that her name was Lena. ( Она сказала, что ее зовут Лена.) He said ( told me ) ( that ) he would come the next day. She said ( told us ) ( that ) she had been there the day before. Jane said she didn’t like that book. My father told me that he had visited that place two years before.

Indirect speech 2

We can report questions with verbs like ask, wonder, want to know. Tense change rules are the same.

“Where do you live?” he asked

He asked where I lived.

If there is no question word we add if or whether.

“Are you British?”-She asked me if/whether I was British.

In reported questions we use the same word order as in statements:

“Do you speak English?”- She want to know if I speak English.

Reporting commands and request:

Command are reported with tell and the infinitive.

“ Wait! Wait!”

I told him to wait.

Requests are reported with ask and the infinitive.

“ Please wait!”

I asked her to wait.

Other reporting words:

Advise, agree, offer, remind, refuse, invite, decide, suggest

Conditional sentences 1

Sentences with if are called conditionals. The if …clause is the condition and other part of the sentence is the result. There are three types of conditional. The first conditional: 1) If+ S V Vs O, S shall/ will V O.

If you drop it , it will break.

Or S shall/will VO, if+ S V Vs O.

The first conditional refers to the future. It is used when there is a possibility that the if event might happen.

If it rains, we will go to the cinema. ( It might rain/it might not rain)

The second conditional: If S+ VedV2O, S+ should/ would VO.

This type of sentence describes future events that are imaginary, unlikely or impossible.

If I lived by the sea ,I would do a lot of swimming.

Note: would is usually contracted in speech.

I’d become famous.

The past simple of the Be is I was, he/she/it was .We use these forms in second conditional or alternatively we can use if I were, she/he/it/were.

If I were here…

We use this structure when we can give advice.

If I were you’d spend more time on your written work.

Unless means if not .

We would go out if it did not rain.

We would go out unless it rained.

Conditional sentences 2

The third conditional: If S+ had V ed V3 , S +would have V ed V3.

This type of sentence describes past events that is different to what really happened.

If I had taken an umbrella , I wouldn’t have got wet.

We often use might and could in conditional when we want to say that we are not certain about the results.

If I had brought some money I could have taken a taxi.

It is also possible to put the If clause at the end.

Wishes

For wishes about the present we use I wish +past simple.

I wish I didn`t go to school.

Could

We use I wish I could to refer that is difficult or impossible. This can refer to the present or future.

I wish I could fly.

At the second conditional the past simple does not refer to past time.

For wishes about the past we use I wish + the past perfect.

I wish I had lived in the 18 century.

If the wish is good one we use I hope. This is not followed by conditional form it is simply followed by the present simple or will.

I hope you have a good time at the party.

Infinitive

The Infinitive is always used with the particle to and usually expresses an action denoted by the predicate verb.

To visit her is always a pleasure.

Sentences with the infinitive as subject have certain structures:

The infinitive may be used in declarative sentences.

The infinitive is placed at the head of the sentence.

It is expressed by a noun, adjective qualifying the action denoted by the infinitive.

The infinitive as predicative:

The infinitive in this action has appositive meaning i.e. it explains the meaning of the subject of the sentence.

All I want to do is to help you.

The Infinitive as Object:

The Infinitive may be used as an object to a verb.

We find it after the verbs: to agree, to ask, to care, to begin, to like, to hate, to swear, to offer, to expect and others.

Mark continued to visit Jack in hospital.

In addition to the verbs mentioned above the infinitive as object is used after the modal verbs can afford and can bear in the negative and interrogative forms.

Some say we cannot afford to do it.

The Infinitive may be used as an object to an adjective. It is used after various kinds of adjectives- able, afraid, certain, anxious ,lucky, eager and others.

He is still very anxious to see her.

Occasionally a for0phrase is used to show the subject of the infinitive.

He was eager for me to start on my new job.

The infinitive as object may be part of a phrase introduced by the conjunction

Whether, what, how, how long, where

I did not at all know what to say.

The infinitive may serve as object in a special sentence pattern with a formal it as subject. The most commonly occurring verbs after which the infinitive is used in this function:

To amaze, to worry, to trouble, to excite, to interest, to shock, to please and others.

It pleased her particularly to see how often the other children asked her son how they should play.

The infinitive as Subjective Predicative.

The infinitive as Subjective Predicative is always preceded by to. It is lexically dependent – it follows a number of transitive verbs used in Passive.

These verbs are: to advise, to believe, to report, to aloe, to leave, to find, to invite, to require and others. I have been advised to rest.

Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier

The infinitive may serve as adverbial modifier to a verb. In this function it is used to express purpose, comparison, condition.

Purpose- infinitive is used with to

I come in to see if I could help you pack.

The infinitive of purpose may occasionally be preceded by the modifiers.

In order and so as which emphasize the idea of purpose.

I was silent for a moment in order to give greater force to my next remark.

The infinitive with to may serve as an adverbial modifier of condition. In this

case it expresses a condition under which the action of the predicate verb can be

realized.

To hear him talk you would think he was a celebrity.

The infinitive as modifier of consequence is used with the to we find a peculiar sentence pattern, the first part of which is, had only, had but to…

I had only to look at Mother to know the answer.

Phrasal verbs

1. The term phrasal verbs means a normal verb like get, look, take followed by one or two prepositions. When the preposition is added the meaning of the original verb changes. There are different types of phrasal verbs depending on whether there is one preposition or two and whether the verb and preposition can be separated.

2) Verbs with three parts:

Most of the verbs below need an object and the object can only come at the end after both the prepositions:

I am looking forward to my holidays.

To catch up with keep up with

To drop in on live up to

3) Verbs with two parts: these verbs take an object. The object must come after the preposition not between the verb and the preposition.

Call for-come to your house and collect

We will call for about 8.00 so please, be ready.

Call on join in

Deal with head for

Get at see to

Get over take after

4)Verbs with two parts: transitive and separable these phrasal verbs take an

Object. This object can come after the preposition or between the verb and preposition .

We brought up this child. We brought her up.

In general, as in the examples above, object phrases tend to be put after the preposition while pronouns (such as you, it, him, her, us, them) are always put

between the verb and the preposition.

Bring up (look after child until adult)

Tom’s aunt brought him up after his parents died.

Call off (cancel)

The school called off the match because of bad weather.

Clear up (make clean and tidy)

Could you help me clear up the room after party?

Cut off (be disconnected during a phone–call)

I’d just got through to Delhi when I was cut off

This is usually used in the passive

Fill in (complete be writing)

Could you fill this form in with all your details, please?

Pick up (collect in a car)

The taxi will pick you up at 6.30.