Passive Voice 2

Present progressive passive

We use the present progressive passive for things that happening now.

Where is the rug? It is being cleaned.

The letters are being written.

Past progressive

Past progressive passive is used to describe a situation in progress in the

past.

The songs were being sung by students.

Future progressive - no passive form

Present perfect passive

We use the present perfect passive to talk about past actions which are

important now.

The house has been sold.

We haven`t been invited to Ann`s party.

By with passives

If we want to say who and what does the action we use by .

We use by …if it is really necessary.( 80% of passive forms are made without by)

Relative clauses 1

Relatives clauses are short phrases beginning with words like who, that and which that define or describe people and things. There are two types:

Defining relative clause : we use these to identify exactly which person

or thing we mean. The information is necessary for the sentence to make sense.

The doctor who treated me told me not to worry.

2) Non – defining relative clauses: we use these to give extra information.

The information is not necessary for the sentence to make sense. To show this in writing we use commas.

Pablo Picasso, who died in 1973, was a painter and sculptor.

Relative pronouns: which, that

Which refers to things and that refers to people and things. That is more common, especially in speech.

The bus which goes to China leaves from here.

The woman that we spoke to gave us directions.

Who, whom

Who and whom refer to people.

In formal speech and writing we can use whom instead of who where who is the object of the sentence. We can also use whom after a preposition.

However, this is becoming less common and modern English speakers

rarely use whom instead they use who or that.

The people who live next door make a lot of noise.

It was the same boy whom I met yesterday.

Whose

Whose shows that something belongs to someone.

The girl whose case had been stolen went to the police station.

Relative clauses 2

Combining sentences:

We can combine the sentences using relative clauses.

The bus that goes to Cairo leaves from here.

The woman who teaches us music also plays in an orchestra.

Note that articles often change when sentences are combined.

A girl`s case was stolen. She went to the police station.

The girl whose case was stolen went to the police station.

Relative clauses with an ing form:

The relative clause often has a continuous verb form:

I sent a card to the girl living across the street.

What as a relative pronoun: we can use relative pronoun what to mean the things that. We didn’t understand what she said.