I. Study the following words and word combinations from the text above:

impeach, unyielding stubbornness, alderman, advancement, consecutive term, assassination, retaliation, secession, oath, allegiance, gridlock, stalemate, deprive, strip away, to dismiss, veto, to override, to step down, to preclude, stamina.

II. Answer the followings tasks to the text:

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A) Andrew Johnson’s personal characteristics

B) Andrew Johnson’s career as a politician

C) Congressional decisions in the late 1800s

D) Congressional decisions and procedures in the late 1800s

2. The phrase “took office” is closest in meaning to

A) moved into an office

B) became an official

C) began a government job

D) rearranged the office

3. What can be inferred from the first paragraph about Andrew Johnson’s work in Tennessee?

A) His personality precluded him from important positions.

B) His work became known to the governor

C) He was elected to several important posts

D) He was represented to the posts five times

4. The word “alliance” is closest in meaning to

A) union

B) counsel

C) allowance

D) allotment

5. According to the passage, what led to Johnson’s downfall?

A) The state of the nation’s economy

B) His liberal position on slavery

C) His personal characteristics

D) His waffling and hesitation

6. The author of the passage implies that when Johnson became president he

A) was a dedicated supporter of civil rights

B) was a soft-spoken and careful diplomat

C) had an extensive background in politics

D) had already experience political turmoil

7. According to passage, at the beginning of Johnson’s terms at president

southerners were

A) expected to secede from the union

B) apprehensive about their future

C) singled out as scapegoats

D) afraid of his violent temper

8. According to passage, Congress’s disapproval of Andrew Johnson’s policies was

A) short-lived and groundless

B) detrimental to his presidency

C) directed at his civic duties

D) stopped as soon as it emerged

9. The word “ pardon” is closest in meaning to

A) parade

B) patronize

C) exonerate

D) extricate

10. The author of the passage implies that the Stanton affair proved the

president’s

A) lack of stamina

B) lack of electoral vote

C) loss of willpower

D) loss of authority

11. The word “dismissed” is closest in meaning to

A) distanced

B) fired

C) disdained

D) flounced

12. According to the passage, the attempt to impeach Andrew Johnson

A) succeeded as expected by the House

B) failed by a minimal margin

C) put an end to his political career

D) overwhelmed his supporters in Tennessee

TEXT 7

Most forms of property are concrete and tangible, such as houses, cars, furniture, or anything else that is included in one’s possessions. Other forms of property can be intangible, and copyright deals with intangible forms of property. Copyright is a legal protection extended to authors of creative works, for example, books, magazine articles, maps, films, plays, television shows, software, paintings, photographs, music, choreography in dance, and all other forms of intellectual or artistic property.

Although the purpose of artistic property is usually public use and enjoyment, copyright establishes the ownership of the creator. When a person buys a copyrighted magazine, it belongs to this individual as a tangible object. However, the authors of the magazine articles own the research and the writing that went into creating the articles. The right to make and sell or give away copies of books or articles belongs to the authors, publishers, or other individuals or organizations that hold the copyright. To copy an entire book or a part of it, permission must be received from the copyright owner, who will most likely expect to be paid.

Copyright law distinguishes between different types of intellectual property. Music may be played by anyone after it is published. However, if it is performed for profit, the performers need to pay a fee, called a royalty. A similar principle applies to performances of songs and plays. On the other hand, names, ideas, and book titles are excepted. Ideas do not become copyrighted property until they are published in a book, a painting, or a musical work. Almost all artistic work created before the 20^th century is not copyrighted because it was created before the copyright law was passed.

The two common ways of infringing upon the copyright are plagiarism and piracy. Plagiarizing the work of another person means passing it off as one’s own. The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin plagiarus, which means “abductor”. Piracy may be an act of one person but, in many cases, it is joint effort of several people who reproduce copyrighted material and sell it for profit without playing royalties to the creator. Technological innovations have made piracy easy, and anyone can duplicate a motion picture on videotape, a computer program, or a book. Videocassette recorders can be used by practically anyone to copy movies and television programs, and copying software has become almost as easy as copying a book. Large companies zealously monitor their copyrights for slogans, advertisements, and brand names, protected by a trademark.