- •S. Seifullin
- •Учебное пособие
- •Для студентов землеустроительного факультета
- •Всех специальностей
- •Английский язык
- •Introduction
- •Insert prepositions if necessary:
- •4. Give your own definitions of the words:
- •5.Render the text ‘Composition of soils’.
- •5. Render the text:
- •6. Retell the text ‘ Structure of soil’:
- •I. Study the following words:
- •III. Make up your own sentences with words given above in exercise 2:
- •IV. What chemical conditions of soil do you know?
- •I. Study the following words:
- •II. Complete the sentences with appropriate words from the text and translate them into your language:
- •III . Say true or false these statements are, correct false ones:
- •IV. Give the characteristics of all soil classifications.
- •I. Study the following words:
- •II. Make up your own sentences with the following word combinations:
- •III. Translate the following sentences into your language:
- •I. Study the following words:
- •II. Define the part of speech of the following words:
- •III. Match the words with their definitions:
- •IV. Put questions to the following sentences:
- •V. Write a short summary of the text ‘Soil and its management’.
- •III. Find opposite words:
- •IV. Find odd words:
- •It is far to conclude from the experiment described in this passage that
- •6. Give a short summary of the text.
- •I. Read and translate the text:
- •II.. Work in pairs. Ask questions according to the model:
- •Plants that move
- •Plants That Glow
- •Comprehension Check
- •II. Define the part of speech of the following words:
- •I. Study the following words:
- •I. Study the following words:
- •I. Study the following words & word combinations:
- •II. Define the part of speech of the following words:
- •III. Translate the following sentences into your language:
- •V. Retell the text ‘Soil assessment and Land evaluation’.
- •II. Make up sentences with the words & word combinations given
- •III. Complete the sentences with appropriate words from the text:
- •IV. Give your own definitions of the words:
- •V. Render the text ‘Land evaluation for Land use planning’.
- •I. Study the following words:
- •I. Study the following words:
- •I. Study the following words:
- •III. Make up your own sentences with words given above in exercise 2:
- •IV. What do you know about mortgage in your country?
- •V. Retell the text ‘Mortgage’
- •I. Study the following words:
- •II. Make up sentences with the words & word combinations given
- •III. Insert prepositions if necessary:
- •IV. Give your own definitions of the words:
- •V. Retell the text ‘Joint Tenancy’.
- •I. Study the following words:
- •I. Study the following words:
- •I. Study the following words & word combinations:
- •II. Discuss the update state and goals of land use planning in our country.
- •III. Read and discuss the following text:
- •IV. Put as many questions as it possible to the text given above:
- •I. Study the following words & word combinations:
- •1. Give the equivalents of the following word combinations in your language:
- •2. Put your own questions to the text “Land Assessment In Kazakhstan
- •3. Read the text and tell what problem they discuss:
- •2. Define the part of speech of the following words:
- •3. Give the synonyms of the following words & word combination:
- •4. Put five questions to the text “Land Administration”
- •5. Give your own definition of the word combination ‘Land Administration’.
- •1. Read and translate the following words:
- •2. Define the part of speech of the following words:
- •3. Explain your own understanding of the words:
- •4. What is your own opinion about cadastre system in our country and abroad?
- •I. Study the followings words & word combinations:
- •I. Study the following words & word combinations from the text:
- •I. Study the following words & word combinations from the text:
- •II. Answer the following tasks to the text:
- •I. Study the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Answer the following tasks to the text:
- •I. Study the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Answer the following tasks to the text:
- •I. Study the following words and word combinations from the text above:
- •II. Answer the followings tasks to the text:
- •I. Study the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Answer the following tasks to the text:
- •I. Study the following words & word combinations:
- •II. Answer the following tasks to the text:
- •Grammar reference Passive Voice 1
- •Passive Voice 2
- •Relative clauses 2
- •Types of questions 1
- •Types of questions 2 Tag or Disjunctive Questions
- •Indirect speech 1
- •Indirect speech 2
- •Conditional sentences 1
- •Verbs with two parts: intransitive
- •Revision
- •Study the following irregular verbs
- •Английский язык для студентов
II.. Work in pairs. Ask questions according to the model:
What do you call the part of a plant coming up from the root? --- We call it a stem.
the part of a plant or a tree which is normally in the soil; 2. The part of a tree covered with leaves; 3. The outer covering of the stem and branches; 4. The layer between the outer bark and the wood; 5. The darker part in the center of a tree; 6. a tree which is green in all seasons; 7. a tree that loses leaves every year; 8. Loss of water vapor from the surface of leaves
III. Find in the text words and word combinations close to the following:
Trunk, breathing, with the help of, therefore, due to, specific weight, a dead tree, small cells, growth in diameter, influence, to occur, quantity, broadleaf trees
IV. Using the text A tell about the functions of each part of the tree.
V. Ask questions. The following sentences will be answers:
1. Trees consist of three main parts. 2. Some trees reach the height of 300 feet.3.The trees breathe through the leaves and the bark. 4. One may know the age of a tree by its annual rings.
VI. Read and translate the poem. Complete the sentences using the words below the poem.
What do we plant when we plant a tree?
We plant the ship which will cross the …,
We plant the mast to carry the …,
We plant the planks to withstand the gales.
What do we plant when we plant a tree?
We plant the … for you and me,
We plant the rafters, the doors and floors.
We plant the spire that out – towers the crag.
We plant the staff for our country’s ….,
We plant the shade from the hot … free,
We plant all these when we plant the tree.
VII. Write a composition “If I were the farmer (forester, president) of …”
VIII. Translate the text “How A Tree Grows” without dictionary.
“How a Tree Grows “
A tree in three directions: trunk and branches grow upward, roots grow downward, and all grow laterally, that is in diameter. As with all living things, trees are made up of cells, and growth occurs by means of cell division. Vertical growth is of little interest, because the most part of the wood in the tree trunk is formed by lateral growth. Growth in diameter, also called secondary growth, takes place in a very narrow zone between the wood of a tree trunk and the bark. This area, called cambium, is only a few cells thick, but it produces all the different types of cells in both the wood and the bark. The cambium itself consists of a layer only one cell thick, but as the cells divide and mature, there is a region on each side of the cambium which contains living cells in various stages of development.
When a wood cell is mature, it is technically dead, for it contains no nucleus or protoplasm. Thus , even the wood of a living tree is made up mainly of dead cells, although certain kinds of cells in the sapwood remain alive longer than others.
During a normal growing season, the cambium produces millions of cells, and a layer of new wood is formed. Since the cambium is a cover surrounding the tree trunk, the layer of wood produced each year is in the same form, and when the tree is only a year or two old, the layer of wood is a cone as high as the tree. During each successive growing season, another cone – shaped layer of wood is added around underneath. Thus, in order to find the age of a tree by the time- honored method of counting growth rings, one must cut the tree very near the ground or the first year or two is missed.
During each growing season, a layer of bark is also added, but it is added to the inside of the bark. It would seem, then, that since a tree enlarges in diameter each year, the outer layers of bark must stretch. But what actually happens is that the outer layers of bark become dry and, instead of stretching, they crack. This accounts for the scaly appearance of the bark of most trees.
On a cross- sectional surface we can see the growth rings. These are the concentric layers of wood added each season to the diameter of the trunk. The rings are usually quite distinct because in the temperature climates, the wood formed during the early part of the growing season is different from the wood formed later. The wood formed in the spring when growth is more rapid is called early wood or springwood, and is characterized by cells which are larger and thin – walled, making a rather porous layer of wood. Slower growth later in the growing season produces latewood or summerwood, which has smaller thick-walled cells, forming relatively more dense wood.
Besides, on the surface of hardwoods, fine lines can be seen radiating from the centre of the tree outward. These are wood rays made up of cells oriented horizontally in the tree instead of vertically, as the majority of the cells are. The horizontal orientation of ray cells helps to conduct food materials laterally in the tree.
Answer the following questions:
1. In what three directions does a tree grow? 2. Where does the secondary growth occur? 3. What part of a tree produces cells? 4. How can one know the age of a tree? 5. Why are the annual rings well seen in temperate climate? 6. What are wood rays? What is their function?
Read the text given below:
“Plants do strange things”
by Hedda Nussbaum