a copy of the cargo manifest from you, I'll have all the blank forms filled up in advance.

LABORATORY EXERCISES

1. Listen to the text of the lesson again and answer the following questions;

1. When do claims usually arise? 2. Which is the best way of settling disputes? 3. To whom may the parties refer their dispute for settlement? 4. In what connection may claims arise in marine practice? 5. What disputes does the Maritime Arbitration Commission decide? 6. What should captains do to avoid claims against the ship? 7. How is the loss divided under general average? 8. What voluntary and deliberate actions are regarded as general average? 9. Who bears the loss under particular average? 10. In accordance with what rules is general average settled? 11. What are the duties of an average adjuster? 12. In what case and by whom are average bonds signed? 13. In what case is a sea protest noted? 14. By what should a sea protest be substantiated? 15. Who is to hold a survey on hatches?

II. Change from direct into indirect speech using the models.

Model 1: He asked me, "Are you sure ot that?"

He asked me if I was sure of that.

1. They asked us, "Can you supply some more cotton?" 2. We asked him, "Do you claim for dead freight?" 3. She asked them, "Is he willing to pay overtime?" 4. He asked us, "Is the work being done in your interest?" 5. The captain asked him, "Do they allege that they supplied the full quantity?"

Model 2: They asked him, "Did you repudiate our claim?"

They asked him if he had repudiated their claim.

1. She asked me, "Did you explain to them how the things were?" 2. He

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asked us, "Was that my fault?" 3. They asked him, "Was there any misunderstanding?" 4. He asked the agent, "Did you deny that fact?" 5. She asked them, "Did you settle that dispute?"

III. Listen to the short dialogues, repeat each sentence during the pauses and learn the dialogues by heart:

"That can't possibly be so. It contradicts common sense."

"Well, but they deny that it was their fault. They say that this clause exempts them from liability."

***

"The responsibility for the accident rests with you. We have to demand compensation."

"We understand your attitude, but still we must repudiate your claim." "Then I see no alternative but to bring an action against you."

IV. Listen to each of the long dialogues again and retell briefly their contents from the point of view of: (a) one speaker, (b) the other speaker, (c) an onlooker.

Make your partner ask you about some details which you missed.

V.Write the dictation:

Claims may arise when one party violates some laws or some terms of contract. Claims are settled in different ways. The best way to do so is to agree on an amicable settlement. The parties usually come to a mutual understanding and agreement through exchange of letters or by personal contacts. If the parties cannot agree on some questions, they refer their dispute to arbitration. Arbitration is a method of settling commercial disputes without applying to a court of law. When the parties see no way to agreement they go to law.

In marine practice, claims may arise in connection with short delivery of

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cargo, damage to cargo, non-payment of money or non-fulfilment of some clauses of contracts, marine insurance, and so on. The Soviet Maritime Arbitration Commission has been established at All-Union Chamber of Commerce & Industry. It settles disputes with regard to charter parties, contracts of carriage and marine insurance, arbitration agreements for cases of collisions and salvage contracts.

General average is a loss which is divided among the shippers, the receivers and the shipowners. This loss results from a voluntary and deliberate sacrifice of the parties goods in order to save the rest of the cargo and the ship.

Particular average is borne by one party only.

VI. Practise In pairs enacting the following situations. You act as the shipmaster, your partner — as the agent. Then you change your parts:

(a)You are discussing with your agent the Shippers' refusal to pay dead freight. You refer to the clause of the Charter party which reads: "Charterers need not supply full cargo, but in this case they shall pay dead freight". The agent doubts whether they shall pay dead freight, so far as under loading was not through their fault. Still you insist that you have to make a claim against the charterers and ask the agent to hand them over your official letter to this end.

(b)During your voyage you encountered heavy weather and you fear that some damage might have been caused to the cargo. In this connection you want to lodge a sea protest at a local notary office and you ask your agent to help you. You are discussing with him which official documents might substantiate the facts (entries in the log book, in the cargo book, etc.). Finally you ask the agent to call in a surveyor to hold on a Survey before breaking bulk.

(c) During the storm your ship got such a heavy list that you had to jettison part of the deck cargo. The average adjuster defined this case as general average. You are discussing with your agent the circumstances of this case and you ask him to inform the consignees that they will have to sign appropriate average bonds.

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VII. Translate into English:

Грузоотправители не представили полного груза. Нам придется предъявить к ним претензию за мертвый фрахт. Что касается сверхурочных, то здесь какое-то недоразумение. По условиям чартера сверхурочные оплачиваются грузополучателями. Об этом имеется отдельное примечание в чартере. Вы говорите, что они отклонили вашу претензию. Они отрицают, что должны платить эту сумму? Ну что же, тогда нам придется передать наш спор на арбитраж. Если они не согласны на арбитраж, мы возбудим дело через суд.

Теперь относительно ущерба, который был причинен нам местным катером. Владельцы катера согласны заплатить за эти повреждения? Вы говорите, что они не согласны. Вы понимаете, насколько необоснованно они поступают? Что бы они ни говорили, как бы они ни отрицали свою вину, ведь ущерб судну причинен. Мы имеем законное право потребовать компенсацию за повреждения. Я не вижу никакого другого выхода, кроме как обратиться в суд.

Есть еще один вопрос, который мне хотелось бы обсудить с вами. Я хочу заявить морской протест. Я опасаюсь возможного ущерба грузу вследствие подвижки груза. Я составил проект морского протеста и хочу, чтобы вы просмотрели его. Мы можем подкрепить все факты выписками из судового журнала. Все выписки переведены на английский язык. Не могли бы вы отдать эти выписки, чтобы их перепечатали на машинке? Нам нужно будет также вызвать сюрвейера для осмотра трюмов. Я думаю, что вы тоже примете участие в этом осмотре. Между прочим, возможно, что получатели захотят прислать также своего сюрвейера. Вы тоже так думаете? В таком случае сообщите им, пожалуйста, о дате осмотра.

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