LESSON 16

CARGO CLAIMS

Words and Word Combinations

claim иск, претензия party сторона (юр.)

to violate; violation грубо нарушать; грубое нарушение law закон

regulations правила to infringe нарушать to set forth излагать

amicable settlements дружеское, полюбовное урегулирование (спора,

разногласий)

dispute спор, разногласие mutual взаимный, обоюдный

to refer направлять; передавать на рассмотрение (юр.), ссылаться (на кого-л., что-л.)

award арбитражное решение (юр.) arbitrator арбитр, третейский судья

short delivery недостача, нехватка при сдаче non-payment неуплата

calculation калькуляция, расчет erroneous ошибочный

to establish учреждать, устанавливать

to result являться результатом, происходить в результате, проистекать juridical юридический

general (particular) average общая (частная) авария (страх.) force-majeure форс-мажор, непреодолимые силы природы (юр.) value стоимость, цена, ценность

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loss потеря, убыток, утрата

to jettison выбрасывать груз за борт (для спасения судна) to insure застраховывать, страховать

average adjuster диспашер (страх.) averade statement диспаша (страх.)

average bond аварийная подписка, аварийная гарантия evident очевидный, ясный, явный

sea protest морской протест (юр.)

notary public (тж. public notary) нотариус

testimony показание, доказательство, свидетельство (юр.) sworn testimony показание под присягой

to substantiate подкреплять доказательствами, приводить достаточные доказательства

to reserve оговаривать, делать оговорку (в документах) to acquaint smb with smth ознакомить кого-л. с чем-л. communication связь, сообщение

unless если ... не

overtime сверхурочное время to contradict противоречить common sense здравый смысл

otherwise иначе, в противном случае

demurrage простой (судна), плата за простой (судна) to type печатать на машинке

to deny отрицать, отказываться

to encounter сталкиваться, (неожиданно) встретиться list крен судна

draft проект, набросок, черновик opinion мнение

to enclose прилагать, вкладывать (в письмо, посылку)

to regard рассматривать, считать, принимать во внимание

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to extinguish — тушить, гасить to put out — тушить, гасить steam-jet паротушитель

to be willing to do smth быть согласным, согласиться сделать что-л.

Expressions

to settle a dispute (a claim) урегулировать разногласия (претензии) to go to law подать в суд, начать судебный процесс

to resort to law обратиться (прибегнуть) к закону

(party) of the first part с одной стороны (обычная редакция в юридич. документах)

(party) of the second part с другой стороны (обычная редакция в юридич. документах)

to decide a dispute разрешить спор, разногласия the claim is made against иск обращен к

this clause exempts us from liability этот пункт освобождает нас от ответственности

to sustain damage or loss понести ущерб или убыток to bear in mind помнить, иметь в виду

the loss is borne by both parties = both parties bear the loss убыток несут обе стороны

to slip the cable обрубить якорь-цепь

to run the ship ashore выбросить судно на берег to note a Sea Protest заявить морской протест

to call in a surveyor (experts, witnesses) вызвать инспектора (экспертов,

свидетелей)

to hold a survey on производить осмотр, обследование чего-л. to hold someone responsible for считать кого-л. ответственным за to repudiate the claim не признавать иска, отвергать претензии

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the ship was rolling and pitching судно испытывало бортовую и килевую качку

the vessel was shipping water fore (aft) судно принимало воду

(зарывалось) носом (кормой)

the fire was gaining rapidly пожар быстро распространялся

That can't possibly be so! Этого не может быть!

It was through no fault of ours. Это произошло не по нашей вине.

TEXT

Claims usually arise between the contracting parties when one of them considers the other party to have violated some laws or regulations or infringed the conditions of some contract or agreement, which set forth their rights and protect their interests.

Claims are settled in different ways. In some cases, the parties agree on an amicable settlement of their dispute. Through exchange of letters or by personal contact the parties come to a mutual understanding and agreement. Sometimes, when the parties cannot agree on some question, they refer their dispute to the decision or "award" as it is mostly called, of an arbitrator. Arbitration is a method of settling commercial disputes without having to resort to law. In other cases, when the parties do not see any way to agreement, they decide to go to law and it is only the court decision that puts an end to their dispute.

In marine practice, claims may arise in connection with short delivery of goods or damage to cargo, in connection with non-payment of money or nonfulfilment of some clauses of contracts, in connection with a wrong calculation or an erroneous charging of some expenses, and in connection with many other matters.

To settle disputes between shippers or charterers of the first part and shipowners of the second part, a special Maritime Arbitration Commission has been established at the All-Union Chamber of Commerce & Industry. This

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Commission decides disputes with regard to charter parties, contracts of carriage and marine insurance, arbitration agreements for cases of collision and salvage contracts.

Whenever claims are made against the ship, the master should be careful to see if there are any clauses in the Charter Party or Bill of Lading exempting the vessel from such liabilities. If any legitimate claims arise, it is always advisable, if possible, to settle them before the ship leaves the port.

To avoid claims about loss or damage to goods, shipmasters should observe the terms and conditions of the contract of carriage. Of course, damage to goods may sometimes result from causes which are beyond the carrier's control: a ship may meet with casualty and both the ship and the cargo sustain damage or loss. Under all the circumstances the master of a ship must bear in mind the juridical side of the question and fulfil the necessary formalities which are required of him. In maritime insurance the term "average" means a loss. There are two kinds of average: "general average" and "particular average."

Under general average the loss is borne by all parties concerned in the adventure and in direct proportion to their several interests. In other words the loss is divided among the shippers, the receivers and the shipowners proportional to the values of goods, ship and freight. It is very important to understand what is meant by the term "loss" in this instance. This loss derives from a voluntary and deliberate sacrifice of one or more of the parties' goods with a view to saving the remainder of the property such as, for example:

slipping cables and anchors to avoid any approaching peril;

running the ship ashore for the preservation of either the ship or cargo; jettisoning cargo in order to lighten the vessel, or to prevent fire from

spreading and many other cases.

The loss sustained under particular average is borne by the actual owners of the property lost or damaged, if uninsured, but by the underwriters if the property is insured.

Trie general average is settled in accordance with the York-Antwerp Rules.

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