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Файл:Английский язык для студентов юридических специальностей. English for law students. Часть 2
.pdf
особую информацию о характере подлежащего в предложении.
Если подлежащее является субъектом действия, то есть само
совершает действие, ("действует"), то глагол-сказуемое стоит в
действительном залоге (Active Voice).
Например:
субъект действия
Рабочие построили эти дома в
houses last year.
The workers built these
прошлом году.
Глагол-сказуемое построили - built стоит в действительном залоге
прошедшего времени (Past Indefinite Active).
Если подлежащее — объект действия, то есть подвергается какому-то
действию со стороны ("страдает"), то глагол-сказуемое стоит в
страдательном залоге (Passive Voice).
Например:
объект действия
Эти дома были построены
the workers) last year.
These houses were built (by
(рабочими) в прошлом году.
Глагол-сказуемое были построены – were built стоит в страдательном
залоге прошедшего времени (Past Indefinite Passive).
Как видно из примеров, структура сказуемого в страдательном залоге
включает вспомогательный глагол "быть" (to be) в различных временных
формах + смысловой глагол в форме (краткого) страдательного причастия
- Past Participle (построены - built). Запомните структурную формулу Passive
Voice:
to be + Past Participle смыслового
глагола
Вспомогательный глагол to be – изменяемая часть в пассивных
сказуемых. Он может быть в одной из своих семнадцати личных форм: am,
is, are (Present Indefinite); was, were (Past Indefinite); shall be, will be (Future
Indefinite); am being, is being, are being (Present Continuous); were being, was
being (Past Continuous); have been, has been (Present Perfect); had been (Past
Perfect); shall have been, will have been (Future Perfect. Неизменяемая часть
пассивного сказуемого – Past Participle смыслового глагола.
Следует отметить, что в русском языке идея пассивности подлежащего
может быть выражена еще двумя способами:
Дома строили (построили) неопределенно-личная конструкция
действительного залога.
Дома строились (выстроились) глагол на -ся, -сь с пассивным
значением.
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В английском языке имеется единственный вариант выражения этой
мысли – через структуру to be + Past Participle. Отсюда и более высокая
частотность её употребления в английском языке.
При переводе на русский язык английского предложения со сказуемым
в Passive Voice следует подбирать наиболее удачный из трёх возможных
вариант.
English Russian
The houses were built (by
the workers) last year.
Дома были построены ...
Дома построили (выстроили) ...
Дома строились (выстроились) ...
(Очевидно наиболее приемлемым переводом для данного предложения
являются вариант 1 или вариант 2). Каждый отдельный случай требует
Вашего особого размышления.
Глагольной структурой в Passive пользуются в четырех ситуациях:
1. Когда неизвестно, кто выполнил действие:
Bill's tape recorder was made in
Japan.
Магнитофон Билла был изготовлен
(изготовили) в Японии.
2. Когда предпочитается не упоминать действующее лицо:
The juvenile was given some
Подростку дали плохой совет.
bad advice.
3. Когда хотят обратить внимание (скорее) на объект действия, а не на
действующее лицо:
Valuable clues were found at the
crime scene.
Ценные улики были найдены (или
нашли, нашлись) на месте
происшествия.
Данная ситуация часто возникает при описании производственных
процессов (осмотр места происшествия, криминалистические исследования и
т. п.).
4. В ситуациях общественного и исторического значения, когда
результат действия известен более, чем его исполнитель (в области
изобретений, литературы, музыки, изобразительного искусства):
America was discovered by
Америка была открыта Колумбом.
Columbus.
Romeo and Juliet was written by
Shakespeare.
Пьеса "Ромео и Джульетта" была
написана Шекспиром.
The Moonlight Sonata was
composed by Beethoven.
"Лунная соната" была сочинена
Бетховеном.
The Mona Lisa was painted by
da Vinci.
"Мона Лиза" была написана да
Винчи.
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В ситуациях 1 и 2 действующее лицо никогда не упоминается.
В ситуациях типа 3 действующее лицо может быть упомянуто или
опущено.
В ситуациях типа 4 действующее лицо должно быть упомянуто для
завершенности высказывания. Действующее лицо следует за глаголом и
вводится предлогом by.
Упражнения
Ex. 1. Согласитесь со следующими утверждениями.
Образец:
Т.: The students of our group are
asked at the lessons every day.
St.:That's right. (Yes, they are).
They are really asked by the
teachers every day.
_______________ were asked ... yesterday
will be asked ... tomorrow,
are being asked ... now,
were being asked ... at 12 yesterday,
have been asked ... today,
had been asked ... by 12 yesterday,
will have been asked ... by 12 tomorrow.
Ex. 2.
A. Послушайте диалог, обращая внимание на глаголы в страдательном
залоге. Попытайтесь понять, что произошло с Джорджом,
Новые слова: cell – камера; release – отпускать; run over – задавить;
wires – провода; drug – давать наркотики; lunatic – сумасшедший, безумный;
put up – фабриковать.
John: Did you hear... what happened to George?
Mary: No, what?
J.: The night before last... he was arrested.
On his way home... he was stopped... by a detective.
He was taken ...to the police station. (He was in plain clothes).
He was put in a cell.
He was given... bread and water.
M.: When was he released?
J.: The next morning.
He was a wrong man.
They'd mistaken him ... for a dangerous lunatic. The sergeant apologized ...
and gave him a cigar.
But that's not all, yesterday afternoon... he was run over.
M.: Was he badly injured?
J.: Not very badly.
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M.: Was he taken to the hospital?
J.: Yes, immediately.
M.: Was anything broken?
J.: No, nothing broken. It was only shock.
M.: Poor old George!
J.: I haven't finished. When he got home... he found his house... had been
broken into. The window had been forced. The wires had been cut.
The dog had been drugged.
The safe had been opened.
Papers had been removed.
Money had been taken.
M.: Have any fingerprints... been found?
J.: Yes, but only George's.
M.: Do you think the thieves ... will be caught?
J.: I'm certain they will. The inspector... knows who did it. He says they'll be
arrested ... tomorrow morning. He's certain that the papers ... will be recovered...
and may be the money as well.
M.: Will George be asked... to appear in court?
J.: Yes, he will. They suspect... a put-up job.
B. Переведите на английский язык следующие фразы:
Он был арестован. (Его арестовали).
Он был остановлен. (Его остановили).
Он был доставлен. (Его доставили).
Он был посажен. (Его посадили).
Ему дали хлеб и воду.
Он был освобожден. (Его освободили).
Он был задавлен. (Его задавили).
Он был травмирован. (Его травмировали).
Он был привезен в больницу. (Его привезли в больницу).
Было ли что-нибудь сломано?
Дом был взломан. (Дом взломали).
Провода были обрезаны. (Провода обрезали).
Собака была отравлена. (Собаку отравили).
Сейф был вскрыт. (Сейф вскрыли).
Документы были унесены. (Документы унесли).
Деньги были взяты. (Деньги взяли).
Были найдены отпечатки пальцев. (Нашли отпечатки пальцев).
Воры будут пойманы. (Воров поймают).
Они будут арестованы. (Их арестуют).
Документы будут возвращены. (Документы возвратят).
Джорджа попросят явиться в суд.
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Words of Wisdom/Мудрые изречения
Признанная вина наполовину
предупрежденный заблаговременно
не
Ср. Не так страшен черт, как его
was
achieved
Ничто великое никогда не было
have been
, they ought not always
Даже когда законы уже записаны,
их не всегда следует оставлять
1. A fault confessed is half redressed.
искуплена.
Ср. Повинную голову меч не сечет.
2. A tree is known by its fruit. Дерево познается по плоду.
Ср. Яблоко от яблони недалеко падает.
3. Forewarned is forearmed. Заблаговременно
вооружен.
Ср. Предупреждение – то же бережение
4. Lost time is never found again. Потерянного времени никогда
воротишь.
5. Rome was not built in a day. Рим не был построен в один день.
Ср. Москва не сразу строилась.
6. The devil is not so black as he is
painted.
малюют.
7. Well begun is half done. Хорошо начатое наполовину сделано
8. What's done cannot be undone. Что сделано, того не воротишь.
Ср. Сделанного не воротишь.
9. Nothing great
without enthusiasm.
ever
Elbert Hubbard
достигнуто без энтузиазма.
Эльберт Хаббард
10. Even when laws
written down
to remain unaltered.
Aristotle
неизменными.
Аристотель
Ex. 3. Подтвердите ответы на вопрос: "What is regularly done in law
enforcement practice?"
Образец:
Т.: Crimes are solved.
St.: Yes, many crimes are often
solved quickly and accurately.
1. Laws are enforced. 2. Many crimes are prevented. 3. Criminal actions are
brought. 4. Evil-doers are identified, located, detected and apprehended. 5. Some
law- breakers are arrested just on the spot. 6. Criminal cases are heard. 7. Juvenile
delinquents are dealt with. 8. Criminality is fought against. 9. Information is got
(obtained). 10. Records of crime scene investigation are made. 11. Many reports
105
are made. Different measures are taken to prevent and solve crimes. 12. Many
suspects are interrogated and interviewed. 13. Hypotheses are built. 14. Crime
scenes are observed. 15. Latent fingerprints are developed and taken. 16. Criminals
are fingerprinted. 17. Ambushes are laid. 18. Evidence is found, collected and
protected. 19. Corpus delicti is established. 20. Citizens' rights are sometimes
violated.
Ex. 4. Согласитесь со следующими ответами на вопрос: "What is done
by the offenders and criminals?"
Образец:
Т.: Crimes are committed.
St.: Yes, crimes are
committed by law-breakers.
1. Someone is killed. 2. Premises are broken into. 3. Drugs are sold, bought
and used. 4. Some unlawful actions are done. 5. Some property is stolen. 6. Stolen
vehicles are driven. 7. Vehicles are driven under the influence of drink.
8. Evidence is left at the crime scenes. 9. Statements are given to the police
officers. 10. Stolen cars are abandoned. 11. Licence plates are changed.
12. Evidence is destroyed. 13. Premises are entered. 14. Some places are fired.
15. Some people are attacked by the law-breakers.
Ex. 5. Ответьте на вопросы о деятельности милиции/полиции,
используя следующие словосочетания.
What measures are taken by the militia for crime prevention? (to ensure
effective law enforcement, to use methods of persuasion, to make the reports, to solve
crimes, to apprehend criminals, etc.)
What actions are performed by the police officers at the crime scene? (to
investigate the crime scene, to find and collect evidence, to take pictures of the
crime scene, to make a record, etc.)
What measures are taken by the police officers to solve crimes quickly and
accurately? (to identify, locate and apprehend a criminal, to bring a criminal action,
to punish the criminal, to bring the criminal to justice, to exercise law enforcement
effectively)
Ex. 6. Расскажите о действиях офицеров полиции по расследованию и
поимке преступников. Используйте материал предыдущих упражнений.
ГРАММАТИКА И УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ
§55. Сложные неличные формы глагола
Complex Non-Finite Forms of the Verbs
Все неличные формы английского глагола: инфинитив (Infinitive),
причастия (Participles) и герундий (Gerund) могут быть в страдательном
залоге:
106
to be written – быть написанным
being written – будучи написанным, написанное
to have been written – (уже) быть написанным
having been written – (уже) будучи написанным
Все пассивные формы, кроме Past Participle, состоят из двух частей: to
be в какой-либо форме (изменяемая часть) и Past Participle смыслового
глагола. Неличные формы в пассивном залоге указывают на пассивный
характер выражаемого ими действия. Перфектные формы указывают на
завершенный характер действия, имевшего место до действия, выраженного
сказуемым предложения.
The letter may have been written
by Mister X.
Письмо, возможно, написано
мистером Х.
Обратите внимание на перевод пассивного инфинитива в функции
определения. Не забудьте о том, что он несет также и модальную нагрузку
(долженствование, возможность или будущее время).
The crime to be investigated by
this police officer is very complex.
Преступление, которое долж-
но (будет, может) расследоваться этим работником полиции,
очень сложное.
Ex. 7. Переведите на русский язык следующие неличные формы
глаголов.
l.to be asking 1.asked
to have asked asking
to have been asked being asked
to ask having asked
to be asked having been asked
with asking
2. to be dictating 2. dictated
to have dictated dictating
to have been dictated having dictated
to dictate being dictated
to be dictated having been dictated
for dictating
3. to discuss 3. having discussed
to have discussed being discussed
to be discussing discussed
to be discussed having been discussed
to have been discussed without discussing
discussing
107
4. to be informed 4. on informing
to inform having informed
to have informed informing
to be informing having been informed
to have been informed informed
being informed
5. to be transporting 5. having been transported
to have transported transported
to have been transported before transporting
to be transported having transported
to transport transporting
Ex. 8. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальные
глаголы “can", "may", "must", "should" с инфинитивами в страдательном
залоге.
Новые слова: arrow – стрелка; shell-casing – гильза; mirror – зеркало;
nickname – прозвище; bullet – пуля.
1. Enlarged photographs of fingerprints from the suspect should be prepared
for use at the trial. Points of similarity should be indicated by arrows to enable the
jury to understand the basis for identification. 2. The abandoned vehicle, if
recovered, should be photographed and checked for fingerprints. The rear-view
mirror, driver's door window, the radio should be inspected carefully for
fingerprints. 3. A search should be made for bullets and shell-casings if there has
been a shooting. 4. The police officer should be qualified as much in criminology
as in criminal investigation. 5. An officer must be educated in human relations as
he is skilled in driving a patrol car. 6. The objectives of detective training may be
summarized as lines directed toward apprehension and conviction of criminal
offenders proved by evidence and in accordance with the law. 7. Police students
must be taught investigational techniques both in the classroom and out-of-doors.
8. Search plans carefully prepared beforehand, are not always as effective as might
be expected. 9. First name and nickname files can be used for identification of the
criminal. 10. Prospective police should be broadened at the undergraduate level,
exposed to arts, literature, languages, philosophy, and the social sciences.
Ex. 9. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на
формы Participles, Gerunds и Infinitives.
Новые слова: stab – закалывать; in behalf of –- в пользу; rib – ребро; to
rob – грабить.
1. A juvenile after having been discharged from the reformatory committed
another crime.
2. A person being intoxicated broke into a theatre and made a scene.
108
3. Having taken the money the criminals ran away.
by force. It
Мир нельзя сохранить силой.
го можно достичь только через
to be
Человек имеет право на работу,
4. A person being accused of murder escaped from a prison.
5. A person delivered a blow with a knife to his victim. There was a stab
wound between the third and fourth rib that might have been fatal to the victim.
6. The procurator accused a clerk of a drug store of working in behalf of a
small gang. The clerk showed them (the gang) the men to be robbed.
7. A person after a quarrel was heavily beaten by his neighbour and was
found in the hospital to have suffered two broken ribs.
Words of Wisdom/Мудрые изречения
1. Peace cannot be kept
can only be achieved by understanding.
Е
понимание.
2. A man has the right
employed, to be trusted, to be loved.
доверие, любовь.
Ex. 9. Прочтите текст, обращая внимание на формы Passive Voice.
Text for Reading
IDENTIFICATION IN POLICE INVESTIGATION
ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ В ПОЛИЦЕЙСКОМ РАССЛЕДОВАНИИ
Part I. Terminology/Терминология
The terms "identification" as well as "identity, identify, identical" are
derived from the Latin word "idem" which means "the same as that previously
mentioned".
"Identity" as a noun (n) means:
1. absolute sameness or exact likeness, the state (or condition) of being the
same, identical with something described, claimed or asserted (утверждать,
заявлять);
2. individuality or personality.
"Identical" as an adjective (a) means:
1. the very same;
2. Exactly alike, agreeing (согласовываться) in every way.
"To identify" as a verb (v) means:
1. to establish the identity of a person or thing; to learn, show or prove what
a person or thing is.
"Identification" (n) means:
1. the process of identifying or being identified.
In police investigation identification is the proof (доказательство) that the
prisoner is the criminal wanted (разыскиваемый), his distinctive marks being
known; or the pistol seized is the weapon used in committing the crime under
investigation.
109
Identification is considered an extremely important part of the total law
enforcement function and a vital element to every investigation. The investigative
process is carried out to a certain point, but, beyond this, identification of persons,
places, and things becomes absolutely necessary if the investigation is to be
concluded successfully.
Ex. 10. Прочтите текст, обращая внимание на личные и сложные неличные формы глаголов в Passive Voice.
Text for Reading
IDENTIFICATION IN POLICE INVESTIGATION
ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ В ПОЛИЦЕЙСКОМ РАССЛЕДОВАНИИ
Part II. Methods and Means/методы и средства
Many chapters could be written on the methods and means that can be used
in identification.
Identification, by whatever means used to establish it beyond any doubt, is a
most important and vital function of the investigator in any investigation he may
conduct.
The methods which are most frequently employed are: portrait parle [por'tre
'parl], photography, the artist's sketch and identi-kit [aı'dentı'kıt] (фоторобот),
modus operandi, the eyewitness, voiceprint, and reports from the crime laboratory,
fingerprinting being most widely used in police work.
The portrait parle is defined as a verbal picture or description of a human
body. It was devised in 1882 by Alphonse Bertillon, a young clerk in the Paris
police, and it is still used as the oldest means of making a physical description.
Twenty commonly used points of personal physical description are ordinarily
employed: ethnic data, height, weight, build, head shape, face shape, complexion
(цвет лица, глаз, волос), hair, facial hair, eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth, chin, ears,
scars, deformities, common blood types, physical defects. As an aid in identifying
a subject ten behavioral characteristics are commonly used: speech pattern, walk,
handedness (привычка пользоваться одной преимущественно правой или
левой рукой), habits, nervous disorders, narcotics use, alcohol use, tobacco use,
sexual behaviour, mental disorders.
Photography is widely used in identification. Not infrequently witnesses
and even officers experience difficulty in accurately describing a person, a place,
or thing, but, when they are shown a photograph, they are able to make a positive
identification of a person and confirm or deny the content of the photograph as it
depicts a place or thing.
The artist's sketch and identi-kit. Often, even with the aid of photography,
identification cannot be established, and it then is necessary to couple (соединять,
связывать) the technique of the verbal description with that of the artist's sketch.
This technique for making identifications has developed and been greatly
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