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Файл:Английский язык для студентов юридических специальностей. English for law students. Часть 2
.pdf
Новое слово: to violate – нарушать.
Officer: Excuse me, ladies
and gentlemen. You are violating the
peace.
Foreigner: Oh, what's that?
O.: Don't make so much
noise. You mustn't switch on the
tape recorder so loudly outside. It's
already late.
F.: Oh, really? We are sorry,
sir.
Новое слово: to buy (bought, bought) – покупать.
O.: Gentlemen, please, don't
litter here.
F.: You are mistaken, sir.
We've just bought some Russian
souvenirs and want to look at them.
O.: All right. M.: Хорошо.
F.: Please, what's the shortest
way to our hotel in the Olympic
Village?
O.: Turn round the corner,
take bus No. 62.
F.: Oh, thanks a lot. И.: О, большое спасибо.
Card I
Mилиционер: Извините
меня, дамы и rocпода, вы
нарушаете порядок.
Иностранец.: О, в чем дело?
M.: He шумите так. Вы не
должны включать магнитофон так
громко на улице. Уже поздно.
И.: О, действительно? Извините, сэр.
Card II
M.: Господа, пожалуйста, не
coрите здесь.
И.: Вы ошибаетесь, сэр. Мы
купили несколько русских
сувениров и хотим взглянуть на
них.
И.: Пожалуйста, каков кратчайший путь в нашу гостиницу в
Олимпийской деревне?
M.: Поверните за угол, сади-
тесь в автобус номер 62.
Card III
Новые слова: taxi-rank – стоянка такси; It's not allowed – не разрешено.
O.: Ladies and gentlemen,
you are violating the peace. It's late,
it's not allowed to sing loudly in the
нарушаете порядок. Поздно. Не
разрешается громко петь на улице.
M.: Дамы и господа, вы
street.
F.: Excuse us, but we must go
to the centre of the town.
O.: This street will lead you
to the centre.
F.: Where is the nearest taxirank?
жны ехать в центр города.
центр.
такси?
И.: Извините нас, но мы дол-
M.: Эта улица приведет вас в
И.: Где ближайшая стоянка
O.: It is round the corner. M.: Она за углом.
F.: Thank you. И.: Спасибо.
O.: That's all right. M.: Все нормально.
161
Card IV
O.: Pardon me, gentlemen,
smoking is not allowed here.
F.: Sorry, I didn't know about
it. Is there any special smoking room
here?
O.: Certainly. Go straight on
along the corridor, turn right. There
is a smoking room there. But be
careful. Smoking is very unhealthy.
Give up smoking!
курить здесь не разрешается.
этом. Есть ли здесь комната для
курения?
по коридору, поверните направо.
Там комната для курения. Но
будьте осторожны. Курение очень
вредно для здоровья. Бросайте
M.: Извините меня, господа,
И.: Простите, я не знал об
M.: Конечно. Идите прямо
курить!
F.: Thanks. I'll think of it. И.: Спасибо. Я подумаю об
этом.
Card V
O.: Gentlemen, you are disturbing peace.
порядок.
M.: Господа, Вы нарушаете
F.: Oh, really? И.: О, правда?
O.: Comply with the demand
of the management.
нию администрации.
M.: Подчинитесь требова-
F.: But what is it? И.: Но в чем дело?
O.: The manager asked you
not to smoke here.
F.: Excuse us, we've forgotten
about it.
Вас не курить здесь.
ли об этом.
M.: Администратор просил
И.: Извините нас, мы забы-
Text for Skimming Reading
PREVENTING CRIME IN BRITAIN
By A. THOMSON
Detective Superintendent Crime Prevention Co-ordinator
Metropolitan Police, New Scotland Yard
My forebears in the Metropolitan Police first took to
the streets in London in 1829, with the primary object of
preventing crime. The next object was that of detection and punishment of
offenders when crime was committed.
The Commissioner at the time, Sir Richard Mayne laid down a clear policy
at the outset that the police effort was to be directed towards the protection of life
and property, the preservation of public tranquility and stated that the absence of
crime would alone prove whether those efforts were successful and whether the
objects for which the Police were appointed, had been attained.
Today, nearly a century and a half later, the whole concept of policing not
only in London but throughout the United Kingdom is based upon that principle.
162
If he was upon the scene today, I doubt whether Sir Richard Mayne would
think we have been very successful as crime has continued to increase as time goes
on.
There are of course many reasons contributing to the present state of affairs.
Fifty Years Ago
One must journey back through time and examine the situation in the
Metropolitan Police District half a century ago.
The area of our responsibilities extended over 700 square miles,
encompassing some of the most expensive territory in the world.
During these more relaxing times we employed approximately 20,000
policemen to look after a population of over 7 1/2 million people residing within a
sixteen mile radius of Charing Cross in Central London.
Today we are employing the same number of policemen to protect well over
7 1/
million people in an area of 800 square miles, in a situation which has
2
changed beyond all recognition from those early days.
London being the main centre of commerce in the United Kingdom,
commuters in their thousands pour into her railway terminals daily to work in the
vast complexes of offices, shops and other buildings, fly into her airports from all
parts of the world on business excursions and in the tourist season, millions of
people from all over the world brighten her doorstep, swell her hotels and swarm
around countless places of historical interest in the City, before savouring the
tourist attraction in other parts of the country.
Increased Crime But More Arrests
The presence of so many millions of people in a packed area, provides a
natural setting for criminals, allowing them to pray upon the carelessness of
trusting members of the public; to seize more opportunities to commit crime and to
escape detection, cloaked in the anonymity of the crowds.
Is it hardly surprising therefore, that in London alone, offences such as
murder, serious assault, robberies, burglaries and thefts in general, have increased
to over 350,000 from approximately 15,000 during a span of some 50 years?
Arrests for this category of crime in the meantime have increased tenfold.
Success in this direction stems from much improved detection methods, improved
training methods, better communication facilities, a higher degree of mobility and
the continuing emergence of advanced technical aids.
Known crime figures have of course been further swelled at the same time
by more frequent reporting: often at the instigation of insurance companies, reclassification of some types of offences, more accurate recording of statistics and
factors of this nature.
On the other hand, there must be a great deal of internal crime within
business organizations which does not always come to our notice.
Metropolitan Police District
About one quarter of all the crime in Britain is committed within the
Metropolitan Police District, and other major cities and towns throughout the
163
country have similar crime problems, although many are not bedevilled as we are
by the acute manpower shortage.
The picture throughout the Country is not entirely black however, and there
are tranquil areas in Britain, as undoubtly there are in France and elsewhere, where
roadmen for instance can lay down their tools at the end of the day and pick them
up exactly where they left them next morning and where people would never think
to lock their doors at night!
Auto-Crime
A great deal of the blame for the upsurge in crime is related to the increasing
volume of motor cars upon our streets and this is hardly surprising because in
London alone, 250,000 new cars are registered by the council yearly.
Today, London bulges at the seams with motor cars, in the streets, in
driveways, in carparks, around flats indeed anywhere they can be squeezed in, and
as a result of this over one quarter of all our indictable offences relate to motor
vehicles.
The figure for this category of crime in London alone is rapidly approaching
150,000 cases annually. (Fifty years ago, my forebears reported that 250 motor
vehicles had been stolen throughout the year and the police strength then was
exactly what it is today.)
Burglaries
Another major problem of course is that of burglary, which accounts for
over another 86,000 of our indictable offences in the Metropolitan Police District,
whilst a mass of other types of general thefts inundate us still more.
I particularly stress the volume of offences in these latter categories because
it is in that area where so much time is spent in investigation after the event, when
sensible steps taken by the losers in the first instance could have prevented the
thefts from happening.
There is ample evidence to show that much of this crime is opportunist, that
juveniles are responsible for a great deal of it, and it is not the work of
sophisticated or hardened criminals.
Our aim, particularly in recent years has been to encourage those in industry,
commerce and the public generally, to become self sufficient in security.
Police Training in Crime Prevention Techniques
Over ten years ago, the Home Office established a Police Crime Prevention
Training Centre at Stafford, a central point from all parts of the Country, where
selected Police Officers from all forces throughout Britain attend a four week
course. They study technical aspects of prevention and receive lectures on locks;
safes; strongrooms; security glass; vehicle and premises protection; intruder alarm
systems and indeed examine all aspects whereby life and property can be protected
from criminal attack.
Representatives of the security industry talk on equipment and services
which are commercially available and there are speakers from all walks of life
including banking, insurance, transport and others.
164
Crime Prevention Committees
The Home Office for many years now has been actively encouraging all
sections of society to be far more self reliant in security matters.
A Standing Committee exists whose members comprise senior officials from
Commerce, Insurance, Home Office, Police Service, Security Companies, in fact
everyone who can bring influence to bear upon the problems.
There are two sub-committees, one which specifically studies the problems
related to goods in transit throughout the Country by road, rail, air and ship as well
as thefts of and from motor cars generally. A similar subcommittee concentrates its
attention upon security problems related to static property such as vulnerable
premises of all descriptions - banks, factories, schools, shops and dwelling houses,
as well as the modern trends in fraud and how best to prevent such offences.
Crime Prevention Panels
Throughout the Country there is a network of crime prevention panels in the
towns and cities, whose members consist of business men, teachers and other
members of the community, who stimulate a security attitude of mind amongst
others in their areas. They meet frequently to discuss problems of a more local
nature and suggest methods whereby security could be improved. The Home
Office actively encourages public involvement in these matters.
Television, Radio and the Press
The whole emphasis is in developing an attitude of mind in society
generally, in relation to security and the fullest possible use is made at all times of
the communicating media such as television, radio, national newspapers and
magazines and the local press, in an endeavour to fulfil this objective.
Frequent crime prevention campaigns are held at national and local level.
Every Police Force in the Country is now actively engaged in promoting
crime prevention and forging a strong link with law- abiding citizens.
Anyone seeking advice upon any security problem need only communicate
with the Police in the locality where he resides or carries on business and he will
be assisted in every possible way to protect his home and his business against
criminals.
British Security Industry Association
Because of the vast increase in crime over the years, the volume of business
carried on by private security companies has greatly increased and Police maintain
a very close liaison with them because of our mutual interests.
The British Security Industry Association was established in 1967 and is the
official body of the private security industry. The Association represents its
members on the Home Office Standing Committee on crime prevention and other
organizations with similar aims.
It aims to promote the highest professional standards of performance. Its
members adhere to a Code of Practice.
Members of the B.S.I.A. handle about 90% by volume of private security
165
business in four sections – alarm, guard and patrol, safe and lock.
British Insurance Association
We also liaise the British Insurance Association, whose membership
comprises nearly 300 companies and represents virtually the entire British
insurance company market.
Frequent dialogue takes place between us in matters of common interest
relative to security techniques. They are also represented on the Home Office
Standing Committee on crime prevention.
The National Supervisory Council for Intruder Alarms LTD.
The principle aims of the above named organization is to ensure a high
standard of ethics, service and equipment and maintenance of installations of
Intruder Alarm Systems; to establish and maintain a Roll of Approved Installers of
Intruder Alarm Systems, to carry out inspections of installations, to the Installer's
specification using British Standard 4737 (Specification for Intruder Alarm
Systems in Buildings) as the standard and to investigate complaints against their
members.
We consider it important to have close links with this organization as they
are trying to improve the quality of burglar alarm installations and it is hoped that
in the longer term, by this means, false alarms will be greatly reduced.
In the Metropolitan Police District, over 98% of all calls received from
burglar alarm systems are false. A great deal of our time is spent with this
nuisance, which in no way assists our current manpower shortage.
Crime Prevention Organization, Metropolitan Police
My particular task in the Metropolitan Police is to co-ordinate all crime
prevention activity.
The organization comprises a full time crime prevention officer of the rank
of Sergeant or Constable at each of the Sub-Divisional Police Stations, there being
82 in all in the Metropolitan Police District, with a Headquarters technical and
advisory unit at New Scotland Yard, comprising:
One Detective Superintendent.
One Chief Inspector.
Seven Inspectors.
The Service is designed to provide security advice to industrial concerns and
private persons on the methods and equipment available in the protection of life
and property.
The duties of a Sub-divisional crime prevention officer include:
(a) Encouraging an interest in and knowledge of crime prevention matters by
other police officers in his Sub-divisions.
(b) Keeping abreast of criminal trends and methods and imparting this
information to Sub-divisional officers.
(c) Advising the public on technical methods by which they may protect
themselves, their property and their premises. This includes the inspection of low
and medium risk premises.
166
The functions of the Headquarters Unit include:
(a) Research studies into new methods of crime prevention.
(b) Keeping abreast of technical developments in the field of security
devices and intruder alarm systems.
(c) Maintaining contact with appropriate organizations with an interest in or
responsibility for crime prevention and security.
(d) Training Sub-divisional crime prevention officers.
(e) Inspection and advice for high risk premises.
(f) Co-ordinating crime prevention functions of all other Branches and
Departments of the Force.
(g) Through the Inspectors attached to the Unit, maintaining an advisory link
with Sub-divisional crime prevention officers.
Crime Prevention Activities in 1974
During 1974, the total number of security surveys carried out at premises in
the Metropolitan Police District amounted to over 17,500; and some 1,300 talks
were given.
The services of the Headquarters staff were constantly in demand by large
organizations and institutions and many lengthy and protracted security surveys
were carried out at buildings considered vulnerable.
Officers of the headquarters staff, took part in several television and radio
broadcasts, an excellent medium by which to disseminate crime prevention advice
to large numbers of people.
Over 1,000 people visited the headquarters section during the year, including
Police Officers from various parts of the world, some of whom were considering
forming similar organizations in their own countries.
Visitors are also shown our exhibition room which is used to display an
assortment of equipment used for the protection of premises. There are also
facilities for showing crime prevention films.
Mobile Crime Prevention Vehicle
Recently we have taken possession of a very large mobile display unit,
which will be used as a crime prevention base in residential areas, particularly
prone to burglary and car theft.
The location of the vehicle will be announced in local newspapers and
householders will visit the unit, where they will be shown a range of security
equipment available for making their homes and their motor cars more secure.
There are also facilities for showing films.
Crime Prevention Officers will be present to offer advice and assistance.
In Conclusion
The certainty of detection followed by conviction is itself perhaps the
greatest deterrent against crime, but this ideal situation of course can never become
a reality.
I have endeavoured to illustrate other methods by which we try to stem the
flow of crime in the United Kingdom, with the assistance and co-operation of the
167
general public.
Security is everyone's responsibility, an attitude of mind to be continually
encouraged!
Our efforts to achieve this over the past few years have not been
unsuccessful because throughout commerce and industry, security has been
considerably improved. There is however, still much to be done.
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данным ниже словарём. Нумерация абзацев статьи отражена в словаре.
Словарь:
1. superintendent – старший
полицейский офицер
forebear – предок, предшественник
tranquility – спокойствие
2. encompass – заключать
commuter – владелец сезонного
билета (приезжий)
swell – надувать, наполнять
swarm – толпиться, кишеть
savour – смаковать
3. pray – молиться
stem from – происходить
insurance – страхование
4. bedevil – мучить
5. blame – порицание, упрек
bulge – выпячиваться
seam – шов
6. indictable [ın'daıtəbl] – подлежащий преследованию по обвинительному акту
inundate – затоплять, наводнять
sophisticated – искушенный
7. intruder – незваный гость, зд. незаконно вторгающийся в чужое
владение
8. vulnerable – уязвимый
fraud – обман, мошенничество
9. panel – комиссия
10. endeavour – попытка, стремление
forge – ковать
11. liaison – связь
12. liaise – поддерживать связь
13. installation – установка
nuisance – неприятность
14. headquarters – штаб, главное
управление
encourage – поощрять
keep abreast of – не отставать, идти
в ногу с ...
15. –
16. prone – склонный
17. stem – препятствовать
Text for Skimming Reading
THE POLICE OFFICER
A COMMUNITY SERVICES PROFESSIONAL
By Gilles AUSSANT
Psychologist, Quebec Police Institute, Canada
Contacts
Throughout his career, a police officer will meet people
from all walks of life: children, adolescents, adults, senior
citizens; the sick and the healthy; the poor and the rich; the
educated and the uneducated; people of all colours, races, religions and languages;
168
victims, witnesses, suspects; first offenders as well as repeaters; people on bail, in
transition or on probation; prisoners, as well as the general public, the
handicapped, etc.
No other professional has to deal with such a cross-section of people and
such a variety of situations.
Professional Services
Regardless of the nature of the persons or situations the police officer
encounters, he must live up to his professional code of ethics, which defines the
police officer as a humane, impartial, effective and competent individual. He must
constantly consider himself as a professional at the service of individuals and the
community. His temper, drives, tendencies and emotions must be controlled. The
many temptations to act as a dispenser of justice, i. e. to play the parts of police
officer, lawyer, judge and executioner rolled into one, must be overcome.
The police officer is, as needed, singularly or in combination, a social
worker, a nurse, a psychologist, a criminologist, a law enforcer, a protector, a
defender, a friend, a supervisor, an observer or an intervenant.
Professional Intervention
The truly professional police officer is therefore a "community services
professional".
An Information Officer. The police officer is very knowledgeable about
the different acts and regulations and is familiar with the area where he operates:
he knows the streets, buildings, businesses, industries, government agencies and
utility offices, he knows the various institutes and their names and directors, the
residents who live in the area, the community and professional services that are
available, etc.
Police duties also include answering the public's general inquiries politely
and courteously. Should a police officer not be able to provide the information
himself, he calls his station, his colleagues or other citizens and agencies, in order
to obtain an answer. Thanks to the police radio, some of these tasks are now made
easier. In this way, the police officer often learns at the same time as the citizen
and, in the long run, the knowledge gained will help him achieve a better
understanding of his area.
A Detective. Through meticulous research or an aggressive patrol (and not
an aggressive attitude), the police officer locates the offender, the delinquent or the
criminal. He also spots potential accident and fire hazards and other problem areas.
Once a problem has been detected, he may intervene himself or contact the proper
authorities, if the matter does not fall within his jurisdiction.
It is the police officer who finds the person requiring support or special
care... It is he who uncovers people and situations likely to harm someone.
A Preventionist. Besides being skilled in detection, the police officer
implements methods, establishes contacts and intervenes personally to prevent
certain situations from recurring, to stop negative practices that already exist or are
about to start.
169
The police officer contacts individuals and agencies in order to prevent any
situations which may harm citizens or society. The groundwork for such
prevention is first of all laid by making friendly contacts with children at school, in
the street or even at home. Depending on the region and the seasons, etc., the
police officer takes advantage of any opportunities which occur during a particular
contact or in conjunction with various campaigns concerning fire and accident
prevention, robbery target-hardening, traffic and water safety, as well as
community relations in general. He uses each opportunity to talk about the benefits
of prevention with the child, adolescent, adult, senior citizen.
An Educator and a Specialist in Behaviour Modification. The basic
training and the thorough personal development courses that the modern police
officer increasingly receives have enabled him to become an educator and a
specialist in behaviour modification. His diversified knowledge in several fields,
and more especially his constantly broadening understanding of human relations
and applied psychology, are transforming him into an expert in human and social
behaviour.
The police officer's training now enables him to recognize the behaviour
patterns of an individual, to anticipate his reactions, and to emphasize with the
emotional state of the citizen, whoever he or she may be.
Now the police officer can apply his knowledge of interview-techniques,
communications, transactional analysis, as well as verbal and body language to
educate others and even to modify behaviour through positive conditioning.
A Protector. Because the police officer must conduct surveillance
operations and inspections, be vigilant and intervene whenever necessary, the
public is often left with a negative or repressive image of the police. Police
activities that cost the citizen money (tickets, fines ...) and measures such as
interceptions, arrests, friskings, handcuffings, breathalyzer tests, vehicle towing,
investigations, searches, and complete vehicle searches, etc., are not designed to
please those involved.
Unfortunately, it still holds true today that the police are wanted only when
the citizen makes the call himself, and even then the police officer's presence is not
always welcome. Be that as it may, the police will always have to intervene in this
fashion, as well as continue performing other tasks that are viewed more
favourably.
There do not appear to be too many problems associated with the other tasks
that society views in a more positive light. The fact still remains, however, that the
police officer must wait until his services are requested. When performing a task
which is not highly regarded, perhaps the police officer should ask himself the
following questions: "Am I stepping in to punish someone, is the act apparently
repressive? Do I appear to be smug or dictatorial; is my attitude dominating or
oppressive; do I say things that are hurtful, damaging, ironic, sarcastic, etc.?"
By asking himself these questions, the police officer can realize how
necessary it is to perform thankless tasks, regardless of the guilt of the individual.
170
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