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Файл:Английский язык для студентов юридических специальностей. English for law students. Часть 2
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It is essential that the police officer intervene in order to serve the individual and
society, no matter what.
An individual is asked to take a breathalyzer test, not because a police
officer wants to make him pay a fine, lose his licence, etc., but to ensure, in a
scientific manner, that his blood alcohol level does not make him a risk to either
himself or other citizens. At the same time, if the police officer has the offender's
vehicle towed away, the intention is not to make the punishment more severe than
it already is, but to prevent a possibly fatal accident, because it was felt that the
driver was no longer capable of controlling his vehicle or ensuring his own safety.
The police officer must view himself as a protector of the individual citizen
and his goods, and not as a slave to a quota system of fines, a practise which is
likely to promote unhealthy competition in the department and please only those
who advocate the wrong objectives.
This does not mean that police activities should not be monitored. On the
contrary, they must be monitored and particular attention must be paid to
controlling quality on the basis of the assistance and the service provided. When
police intervention is positive, the public looks upon the police favourably.
If each police intervention is motivated by the desire to serve and assist, the
police officer will find it easier to say the right thing, take the right attitude and
make the most appropriate and logical decision in view of the circumstances. His
judgement is more likely to be sound, his approach the right one and his actions
effective and fair.
A Provider of Security and a Source of Reference. The police officer's
first priority is still "the person". Victims, plaintiffs, individuals in need ... these
people must be looked after first and foremost, and made to feel more secure. They
must be informed about how to look after their physical and emotional security.
Society on the whole will be more reassured and healthier as a result.
The rest (damage, particular techniques used, reports, legal proceedings,
etc.) will follow the first personal contact where the police officer tried, to the best
of his ability, to meet the needs of the individual. The first contact is often of the
most importance (for example, in rape cases).
The police officer often finds himself in a situation which exceeds or does
not fall within his jurisdiction, but he is not at a complete loss. He has the option of
referring the person to the appropriate agency, institution, community or
professional service.
The police officer is often the first link in the chain of assistance since he is
usually the first to arrive at the scene of the incident. To prevent such incidents
from recurring he will often refer the case (whenever necessary) to the services
likely to provide the required help (family therapy, youth protection services,
detoxification centres, crisis centres designed to assist physically or sexually
assaulted persons, suicide prevention agencies, senior citizens' centres or homes,
etc.).
A Member of the Multidisciplinary Team. The police officer is a
171
professional in his own right within the multidisciplinary team. He should have no
qualms about contributing to this team composed of the doctor, psychiatrist,
psychologist, nurse, social worker, criminologist, lawyer, probation officer, sports
and recreation monitor, parent, adolescent and, finally, any professional or person
likely to contribute to prevention or problem-solving.
For it is the police officer who knows the area and the people. He knows
where it is safe to go and where the criminals hang up. He knows the schedules
and the activities of the various individuals, the descriptions of their vehicles or
their means of transportation; the influence that some individuals have on others
and he knows their past, present, and future prospects.
The police officer is therefore able to extrapolate, foresee and prevent, and
therefore his contributions, ideas and suggestions are indispensable to the
multidisciplinary team whose common objective could be social reform,
prevention of delinquency, rehabilitation, or simply the normal development of
citizens ...
Conclusion
This model of the police officer as a "community services professional"
reflects the image of a progressive, well-informed police elite that is particularly
conscious of the importance of its role in society, proud of its profession, aware of
the constant need to improve services to the public, and, by doing so, give a
positive image of the police.
A profession which is careful to deserve and increase the public's trust
reflects the expectations of a critical public, a public that wants to see its needs met
effectively and efficiently.
This model of the professional police officer is more and more in line with
the new police training program and its more social and humanitarian orientation.
This simply means that the new police officer is being trained to put more love into
his life, his work, his contacts with people, whoever they may be and whatever the
reason.
Why should being a police officer not mean having the best profession in the
world? After all, he has the opportunity to meet all kinds of people and he is
required to provide a range of diverse, high quality services.
Если статья интересна, и Вы хотите знать подробности, воспользуйтесь
данным ниже словарём. Нумерация абзацев статьи отражена в словаре.
Словарь:
1. adolescent – подросток
adult – взрослый
bail – залог, поручительство
handicapped – страдающий физическим недостатком
2. impartial – беспристрастный
temptation – искушение
dispenser – распределитель (хозяин)
intervenant – посредник
3. –
4. utility – бытовой
courteously – вежливо
5. meticulous – дотошный
harm – вредить
172
6. robbery target-hardening – зд.
снижение риска стать объектом
грабежа
7. diversify – разнообразить, расширять
anticipate – предвидеть
transactional analysis – анализ спорных вопросов
positive conditioning – принятие
мер, создание благоприятных условий
8. vigilant – бдительный
interception – подслушивание телефонных разговоров
frisk – производить обыск (оста-
новить и "вывернуть карманы")
towing – буксирование
request – запрашивать
smug – самодовольный
quota – доля, часть, квота
monitor – управлять
9. reference – справка
plaintiff – истец
at a loss – в затруднении
option – выбор, право выбора
recur – повторяться
suicide – самоубийство
10. qualm – сомнение
11. aware – сознающий
after all – в конце концов
Text for Skimming Reading
SLANG
What is slang?
You are coming now to the end of the course "English for Law
Enforcement Professionals" which supplied you with professional
terminology amounting approximately to a thousand terms. Most of
them represent standard (1) written and spoken English. The fact is that the
present-day international communication basing mostly on the English language
and the problems of fighting international crime make it necessary for future law
enforcers to have an idea of non-standard (2) colloquial (3). English as well
because it is widely used in English-speaking countries. The most important
variant of non-standard colloquial English is slang together with dialects and other
specialized variants - e.g. argot (4), cant (5), jargon (6), pidgins (7), creoles (8),
so-called dirty English – taboo(9) words and expressions and the language of the
underworld - "flash", "the lingo" (10). So slang is a particular kind of colloquial
language. It refers to words and expressions which are extremely informal. Slang
helps to make speech vivid, colourful and interesting but it can easily be used
inappropriately. It can be risky for someone to use slang. Slang puzzles not only
the foreign student but is often not understood by native English speakers either.
That's why you might be well advised to avoid using slang yourself.
N.B.
1. standard – образцовый, литературный, нормативный. 2. non-standard –
ненормативный. 3. colloquial – разговорный, нелитературный. 4. argot
['a:gou] – арго, жаргон. 5. cant [kænt] – жаргон. 6. jargon ['da:gən] – жаргон.
7. pidgin ['pidin] – ломаный деловой язык. 8. creoles ['kri:əul] – креольские
173
языки. 9. taboo – зд. табуизированный. 10. flash, the lingo – воровской жаргон.
Slang
origin unknown
Сленг
происхождение неизвестно
1. Language peculiar to a
as a) the special and often
secret vocabulary used by a
beggars)
be vulgar
gon used by or
associated with a particular
of
ной
язык,
то группой
нищие) и
вульгарным
жаргон, используемый или
занятием,
lary composed of words
characterized
connotations of
y and
состоящий из слов и значений.
характеризующихся прежде всего
дополнительными оттенками
particular
region and composed
coinages or
changed words,
shortened forms.
extravagant, forced, or
facetious figures of speech,
or verbal novelties usually
experiencing quick
popularity and relatively
ионом и
состоящий, как правило, из
или произвольно
слов, отрывочных или
сокращенных форм, модных
словечек, искусственных или
шутливых речевых оборотов, или
обычно
относительно быстрый спад
в
употреблении.
Slang – a language or a slanguage?
Ниже мы приводим определение слова "slang" из Webster's Dictionary1.
particular group:
class (as thieves,
and usually felt to
or inferior: ARGOT
b) the jar
trade, profession, or field
activity.
2. A non-standard vocabu-
and senses
primarily by
extreme informalit
usually a currency not
limited to a
typically of
arbitrarily
clipped or
1. Язык, присущий определенсоциальной группе лиц:
как а) особый и часто тайный
используемый какойлиц (такой, как воры,
обычно считающийся
или непристойным: АРГО
б)
связанный с каким-либо
профессией или областью деятельности.
2. Ненормативный язык,
значений (созначениями) чрезвычайной неформальности и обычно–
употребительностью, не ограничи-
вающейся отдельным pei
новообразований
измененных
rapid decline into disuse.
1
'Webster's Third International Dictionary of the English Language. Encyclop/Edia
BRITANNICA, INC, USA, 1993, Vol. Ill, p. 2137. 586
словесных инноваций,
приобретающих быструю популярность и
174
Некоторые производные от слова "slang".
варивать в
сленговой манере
(иногда шут.
или подверженный
slang a сленговый 1. Относящийся, составляющий или
выраженный в сленге
2. Сленговый, вульгарный, модный, ухарский
slang v (-ed, -ing) 1. Обманывать, мошенничать, одурачивать
2. Словесно оскорблять, использовать сленговое или вульгарное оскорбление: разго-
slangily adv В сленговой манере
slangincss n Качество или состояние "быть вульгарным"
slangish a Несколько сленговое
slangishly adv Несколько в сленговой манере
slangism n Сленговое слово или выражение; слен-
говый (вульгарный) язык
slangster n Тот, кто пользуется сленгом
slanguage n Сленговая речь или письмо
сленг)
slangy a (-er, -est) сленговый 1. Употребляющий вульгаризмы или
жаргонизмы
2. а) сленговый, относящийся к сленгу или
составляющий сленг
б) содержащий сленг
сленгу
Sources and kinds of slang
Indeed all slang words were once nonstandard, dialect, jargon, cant or taboo,
so it is possible to classify them into general (1) or everyday slang and special or
professional (2) slang covering about 45 professional and social subgroups of
people. Occupational terms, baby talk (nursery), cockney (3), colloquial speech,
college, literature, medicine, military forces. Air Force, Navy, Negro, religion,
theatre and rock-music, police, US, Indian, Australian terms, etc. supply both kinds
of slang with slangy terminology.
The underworld with its crime, alcohol, drugs, gambling, prostitution
provided the majority of criminal slang which was gradually transferred into
novels, movies, radio and television. This entertainment value of crime and law
enforcement has brought a constant stream of criminal slang into social
communication especially in the USA and other countries as well over the last half
century. Such words as cowboy, okay, racketeer, phone, gas, frame up
(подставить), tough and a tough guy (крутой, крутой парень), some taboo words
are widely known now.
175
Slang fills a necessary niche in all languages. (Compare the English "Hash"
or "the lingo" with the Russian "fenya"). Of course there is no full correlation
between national slangs due to some distinctions in realities and standards of
different countries.
N.B.
1. general – зд. общеизвестный, общеупотребительный. 2. special or
professional – зд. особый, малоизвестный, узкоупотрсбитсльный. 3. cockney –
the dialect of the East End London.
Vocabulary and grammatical characteristics of the British/ American
slang
As you know slang is composed typically of coinages (1) or arbitrarily
changed words, clipped (2) or shortened forms, extravagant (3), forced (4) or
facetious (5) figures of speech, or verbal novelties, fad (6) words, metaphors,
wordplay and various figures of speech. Many slang expressions are the
product of matters of social taboo often called swearings (7) . There are
three categories of taboo words in English: words relating It) Bex, words relating
to excretion (8) and blasphemous (9) words. The use of taboo words is extremely
shocking if used to a stranger or in inappropriate context. Young people are
responsible for a high proportion of the fad expressions and collegiate (10)
wordplay. Clever or insulting nicknames for types of people are the major
linguistic product of this subgroup.
Slang and colloquial expressions come in different forms: slang words,
compound words, simple phrases, idioms and complete sentences. Slang is not all
of equal quality, a considerable body of it reflecting a simple need lo find new
terms for common ones, such as the hands, head and other parts of the body, e.g.
"potato" (head), "biscuit" (head), "can" (head). "wetware" (human brain in contrast
to hardware and software), "top storey" or "upper storey" (brain), "scrag" (11)
(neck), "ticker" and "tick-tock" (heart), "breadbasket" and "dinner basket"
(stomach), "lamps" (eyes), "dog" (leg), "grabbers" (hands), "dukes" (knees),
"bottom", "ass", "caboose", "butt", "buns", "differential" (buttocks (12).
The words connected with subjects which people consider not quite
respectable, for example crime, drink, sex, drugs, insanity also involve extensive
slang vocabulary.
A lot of slang terms express a certain emotional attitude — hostility, ridicule
(13), insult, or contempt (14), often with sharp wit. In the Dictionary of American
Slang and Colloquial Expressions by Richard A. Spears (USA, 1989) you may find
about eighty different terms for policemen in addition to cop or copper, twenty-live
terms for informer, thirteen terms for police equipment, twenty terms concerning
traffic law enforcement, fourteen weaponry terminology, about forty for kill and
killing, fifteen for prison, twenty-two for the process of searching, five – for police
station, forty – for money, thirty – for alcoholism, words concerning drugs and
176
drug usage being the major part of criminal slang vocabulary.
Among the slang terms for policemen there arc such names as "fuzz" (15)
"pig", "lard", "oink" (16), "bacon", "hog", "pork", "blislerfoot". "bull", "bear",
"dick", "goon" and "goon squad", "pounder", "roach" (from cockroach (17),
"skull-buster", "ossifer" and "occifer", etc. which express enough social and
linguistic hostility and may cause offence to the police. Most policemen are quite
happy to be referred to as "coppers", but are offended by the term "pigs" and the
like. Such terms were certainly not created by officers of the law. Others seem less
offensive, e.g. "eagle-eye", "black and white" (from the colour of police car), "men
in blue" and "boys in blue" (coats), "brass". Some of the nicknames for policemen
appear to bear collegiate wordplay, for example – "J.Edgar" (Hoover), "feeby" and
"feebee" (FBI), "man", "G-man" (government man), "T-man" (Treasury man),
"metros", "the law", "Johny Law", "Uncle Sam", "arm" (long arms of the law),
"New-York's finest" (a policeman in New-York), "juvie" (a policeman working
with juveniles) and even "mickey mouse".
The similar characteristics concern the term of "a lawyer" with its slangy
variant "shark", "ambulance chaser" and the names "lame", "straight" and
"square" for a law-abiding citizen.
Not infrequently natural slangy language is ungrammatical or too informal
for formal writing, e.g. ain't (is not, am not, are not), agin (against), gimme (give
me), gonna (going to), gotta (got to), lemme (let me), wanna (want to), hafta (have
to). What's happ? (What's happening?), What say? (What did you say?), Tsup?
(What's up?), etc.
N.B.
1. coinage ['kכınıd] – зд. новообразование. 2. clipped [klıpt] – зд.
отрывочный. 3. extravagant [ıks'tra:vigənt] – зд. необычный, модный. 4. forced
[fכ:st] – зд. искусственный. 5. facetious [fə'si:∫əs] – шутливый. 6. fad [fæd] –
причуда, скоропреходящее увлечение. 7. swearing ['swεərıŋ] – ругательство.
8. excretion [eks'kri:∫ən] – отправление естественных надобностей.
9. blasphemous [blæs'fiməs] – богохульный. 10. collegiate [kə'li:dııt] –
университетский, студенческий. 11. scrag – тощее животное, баранья шея.
12. buttocks ['b^təks] – ягодицы. 13. ridicule ['rıdıkju:l] – насмешка.
14. contempt [kən'tempt] – презрение. 15. fuzz [f^z] – соотв. русс. ментура,
мусор(а). 16. oink [כıŋk] – хрюканье. 17. cockroach — таракан.
Development of slang and attitudes to slang
Normally, slang has both a high birth and death rate in the dominant culture.
Localized fad words usually have a short life, but other kind of slang expressions
may spread and last for a long time. But excessive use tends to dull the lustre of
even the most colourful and descriptive words and phrases. Later on they may be
revived by a new generation.
Today slang is socially acceptable and is used in all segments of society
177
including the most educated, cultivated speakers and writers. For example, George
Washington used "red coat" (British soldier); Winston Churchill used "booze"
(liquor); and Lindon Johnson used "cool it" (calm down, shut up). Attitudes
towards the use of taboo words became more relaxed in recent years although
some newspapers still avoid offending their readers by using such printing devices
as ƒ*** or ƒ and in television a bleeper may be used to drown them out when they
occur. Slang is being seriously studied by linguists. Language is dynamic, and at
any given time hundreds, and perhaps thousands of words and expressions are in
the process of changing from one level to another, of becoming more acceptable or
less acceptable, more popular or less popular.
In conclusion
So it seems quite necessary for the students of English to have a clear idea of
this linguistic phenomenon so as to comprehend readily present-day spoken
English, especially American English, and to understand tough detective novels in
English. And it acquires a much more importance for a law enforcer under special
operational conditions in combating crime at some international organizations.
Don't be at a loss when you can't get the meaning of some strange word in
colloquial speech (more often in American English). If you fail to find the word in
conventional English-Russian dictionaries you may be lucky to spot it in the
dictionaries of the following type:
I. "English-Russian Dictionary of American Slang" edited by
E. I. Tuzovsky, Moscow, 1993. – "Англо-русский словарь американского
сленга" Е. Тузовского (около 9000 слов и выражений).
II. "ABC of Dirty English" by A. Kudryavtsev, G. Kuropatkin, Moscow,
1993. – "Англо-русский словарь-справочник табуизированной лексики и
эвфемизмов" А. Кудрявцева, Г. Куропаткина (около 10000 слов и
выражений).
III. "Concise English-Russian and Russian-English Dictionary of the
Underworld" by Yu. Dubyagin, E. Teplitsky, Moscow, 1993. – "Краткий
англо-русский и русско-английский словарь уголовного жаргона"
Ю. Дубягина, Е. Теплицкого (около 2000 слов и словосочетаний).
etc., etc.
I. Examples of slang from the "English-Russian Dictionary of American
Slang" by E. I. Tuzovsky.
1. Coinages, clipped or shortened forms.
aggie сельскохозяйственный
(от agricultural)
biz 1. бизнес, дело, занятие
2. устройство для
инъекции наркотика
cig, ciggy,
сигарета, сигара pro
ciggie
the lingo язык, специальный
словарь
medico врач (от испан.)
pol [p^l]
политик
prexy президент
1. "professional",
профессионал
178
commie
['k^mı]
pinko
коммунист
в чем-либо;
2. профессиональный;
3. проститутка
demo, dem 1. представитель, член
демократической партии;
2. демонстрация,
демонстрировать
prof профессор (студенч.)
prosty,
проститутка
prostie
diff разница (От difference) regs правила (от regulations)
do's and
don't's
ex бывший супруг или
правила; то, что следует и
чего не следует делать
любовник
rep
1. представитель
(от representative);
2. чья-либо репутация;
3. репертуарный театр
sis sister exec руководитель,
администратор
(от executive)
fella, feller приятель, парень (От
soph [sכf] студент второго курса
(от sophomore)
specs очки (от spectacles)
fellow)
hubby
['həbı]
jag 1. автомобиль "Jaguar";
муж techie студент технического
или инженерного
колледжа, техник
2. запой;
telly телевизор
3. наркотическая эйфория
kid-vid детское телевидение,
телепрограмма для детей
trad традиционный
(от "traditional")
trans
автомобиль veg [vεd] 1. овощи;
[trænts]
vac пылесос; чистить
пылесосом (от vacuum-
cleaner)
veggy
['vεdi]
2. дурак, тупица
1. вегетарианец;
2. овощ
vag 1. бродяга (от vagabond);
2.относиться к обвинению
в бродяжничестве
wrongo
['rכŋo]
1. неправый;
2. нежелательная вещь
или человек;
уголовник
veep [vip] вице-президент za [za] пицца (cтуденч.)
etc., etc.
2. Extravagant, facetious, fad words and metaphors.
behind bars в тюрьме, "за решеткой" collar 1. арестовать кого-
либо; 2. арест
bend the несколько жульничать, не the cooler тюрьма
179
law
нарушая закон copped арестованный
the Big
Нью-Йорк
Apple
Big brother тоталитарное
государство; полиция,
родители, учителя
big cheese,
big name,
big shot,
big wheel
the big
drink
босс, начальник,
ключевая фигура;
очень важная персона
Атлантический океан,
океан вообще
(уголовн.)
the big
house
blood
body
shake,
тюрьма штата или
федеральная тюрьма
1. кетчуп;
2. приятель-негр
тщательный обыск
(вплоть до раздевания)
skin-search
bottle baby алкоголик
bug
шпионское устройство
для подслушивания
dead man,
dead
marine,
dead
soldier,
1. пустая бутылка изпод спиртного или
пива; 2. окурок
сигареты
dead one,
corpse
dog meat мертвец
do time сидеть в тюрьме
drivers
druggie,
druggy,
drughead
амфетамины (нарк.)
наркоман
drug lord хозяин преступной big fish босс, начальник, главарь
организации,
торгующей
наркотиками
drugola
[drəg'oulə]
взятка, которую
торговцы наркотиками
платят полиции
drug tank тюремная камера для
пьяниц
cabbage,
lettuce
cadet наркоман-новичок
(нарк.)
cancer
stick
деньги (первонач.
уголовн.)
enforcer телохранитель,
головорез, наемный
сигарета the
evidence
убийца
спиртное
chair электрический стул evil великолепный
chocolate гашиш (нарк.)
five it, take
the fifth
отказаться давать
показания в суде, отве-
чать на вопросы, ссылаясь
на пятую поправку к
Конституции США
guy
the havenots
the haves богатый
180
приятель, мужчина,
парень
бедные, нищие
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