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Файл:Английский язык для студентов юридических специальностей. English for law students. Часть 2
.pdf
T.of.: You must pay a fine. И.:
Вы должны заплатить
You've broken road
нарушили правила
You've made a left turn
Вы сделали левый поворот, а
е меня, пожалуйста.
mandatory ['mænd
ətə
rı] a
ancient ['eın∫
ə
nt] а
древний
Rome [roum] n
Рим
Roman ['roum
ə
n] n
римлянин
В. С. (Before Christ) [kra
ıst] до нашей эры
apparent
[ə'pær
ə
nt] a
очевидный
arise (arose, arisen) v
возникать, проистекать,
vehicular [vı'hıkjul
ə
] a автомобильный
damage ['dæmıd
] n
вред, убыток, ущерб
common ['kכm
ən]
а общий, обыкновенный
occurrence [
ə'krəns] n
случай, происшествие
dimensions [dı'men∫
ənz] n
размеры, величина, объем
sustain [s
əs'te
ın ] v
потерпеть
(увечье)
environment [ın'vaı
ərənmənt] n
окружение, окружающая среда,
light (lit, lighted) v
освещать
corroborate [k
ə'rכbəre
ıt] v
подтверждать, подкреплять
reminder [rı'maınd
ə] n
напоминание
cause [kכ:z]
n причина
cause v
быть причиной
штраф.
D.: Why? (What for?) В.: Почему? (За что?)
T.of.:
traffic rules.
И.: Вы
дорожного движения.
D.: What's the matter? В.: В чем дело?
T.of.:
but a left turn is prohibited here.
D.: Excuse me, please. I'm
sorry.
И.:
левый поворот здесь запрещен.
В.: Извинит
Виноват.
Лексика для чтения текста
Traffic Law Enforcement in the USA/
Применение правил дорожного движения в США
1. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова, догадайтесь об их
значении. Проверьте по словарю:
control, fact, motor, speed, automation, modern, code, principle, million,
motorcyclist, mile, physical, factor, phase, collision, mechanics, focus, stop, angel,
patrol, action, risk, agency, system, alcohol, centre, line, function, electronic, peak,
radar, countermeasures, motorist, local, quota.
2.
обязательный, принудительный
collision [kə'lıən] n
rather ['ra:ðə] (than) adv скорее, предпочтительнее
столкновение
91
thumb [θ
m] n
большой палец руки
thumb v амер. разг.: остановить
courteous ['kכ:tj
əs] a
вежливый
impose a fine on smb.
наложить штраф на кого
-
л. infraction [ın'fræk∫
ən] n
нарушение
issue ['ısju:] v
выдавать
inevitably [ın'evıt
əbl
ı] adv
неизбежно
stream [stri:m] n
поток
list [lıst] v
составлять список, перечень
reward [rı'w
כ:d] n
награда, вознаграждение
проезжающий автомобиль,
подняв большой палец
impose on v облагать (налогом, пошлиной и
т.д.)
ticket зд. уведомление о штрафе за
нарушение правил уличного
citation (summons) [saı'teı∫ən]
вызов в суд
['s^mənz] n
angel ['eındəl] n
ангел
ГРАММАТИКА И УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ
§ 51. Времена группы Perfect (перфектные, совершенные)
Кроме настоящего времени (the Present Perfect Tense), в группу времен
Perfect входят также прошедшее совершенное (Past Perfect) и будущее
совершенное (Future Perfect). Они обозначают законченное действие, которое
уже завершилось или уже завершится к(до) определенному(го) моменту(а) в
прошлом или будущем.
Внешним формальным признаком сказуемого во временах группы
Perfect является сочетание вспомогательного глагола to have (have, has, had,
will have, shall have) с причастием прошедшего времени Participle II
смыслового глагола. Глаголам в Past и Future Perfect в русском языке
соответствуют глаголы совершенного вида:
I had written a letter by 5 o'clock
yesterday (when he came).
Я написал письмо к 5 часам вчера
(когда он пришел).
I shall have written a letter by 5
o'clock tomorrow (when he comes).
Я напишу письмо к 5 часам завтра
(когда он придет).
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Ex. 10. Прочтите текст, обращая внимание на глаголы в the Past Perfect
Tense.
When we got home we asked George what he had done during our absence.
He said that he had cleaned the windows. We asked him why he had not polished
the floor as well. He insisted that he had polished it, but it did not look any better
to us. We asked him what sort of polish he had used. He showed the tin and said
that he had found it on one of the shelves. It was jam.
Ex. 11. Прочтите диалог, обращая внимание на глаголы в the Future
Perfect Tense.
Новые слова: average – равняться в среднем; calculation – расчет.
John: How many books ... have you read this year?
Mary: Ten.
J.: If you continue to average... two a week... you'll have read a hundred
and four books ... by the end of the year.
M.: That's right. And I'll have written ... one hundred and fifty-six letters.
George: I've made some calculations, too. By the end of the year... I'll
have smoked... over seven thousand cigarettes. I'll have drunk... a thousand
bottles of beer. I'll have eaten ... ninety pounds of potatoes. I'll have slept ... for
over a hundred days. I'll have changed my shirt... at least twenty times.
J.: And you'll have borrowed... about a thousand pounds.
M.: But you'll have only paid back... about a quarter of it.
§ 52. Некоторые функции и значения глагола to have
1. I have an interesting book. Я имею (у меня есть) интересную (-ая)
книгу (-а).
Смысловой глагол со значением "обладать", "иметь".
То же значение имеет сочетание have got:
I have got an interesting book. Я имею (у меня есть) интересную (-ая)
книгу (-а).
2. You have to pay a fine. Вы должны (вынуждены) уплатить
штраф.
Модальный глагол со значением долженствования.
3. I have seen this film. Я видел этот фильм.
Вспомогательный глагол во временах группы Perfect.
Запомните:
I haven't seen you for ages!
Я не видел Вас целую вечность!
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4. You may have your car
repaired at the service station.
Вы можете отремонтировать машину
на станции техобслуживания.
Часть конструкции have +сущ. + Participle II, где действие, выраженное
Participle II, выполняется не лицом, о котором идет речь в предложении
(подлежащее предложения), а кем-то другим. Глагол have здесь не
переводится на русский язык.
Ex. 12. Прочтите текст, обращая внимание на функции и значения
глагола "to have".
Новые слова: tailor – портной; pull out – удалить; alter – изменять; suit –
костюм; sleeve – рукав.
I have to go to the dentist tomorrow and have some teeth pulled out. Then I
have got to see my doctor and have my heart examined. After lunch I will have
my hair cut and then I will have myself measured for a suit. I will have it made by
a good tailor this time. Last time I had to have the shoulders altered, the sleeves
shortened, and the trousers lengthened. I hope they will have it ready for New
Year.
Ex. 13. Прочтите диалог, обращая внимание на функции и значения
глагола "to have".
Новые слова: to fill in – заполнять; application – заявление; capital –
прописная буква; contagious – заразный; disease – болезнь; particulars –
подробный отчет; concern – касаться; luckily – к счастью.
George: Will you show me... how to fill in this application form?
Mary: Have you got to do it... right now?
G.: Yes, it has to be... in the post... by Thursday morning.
M.: Well, first of all... you have to write your name... in capitals. You have
to give your first name... but you don't have to give... your middle name. You
have to put your address ... on the next line ... but you don't have to put it ... in
capitals.
G.: Do I have to give... the date of my birth?
M.: Yes, you do. And you have to state ... whether you've had any
contagious disease.
You have to give ... full particulars ... about your present job ... but you
haven't got to say ... why you want to leave it.
G.: Have I got to do it... in duplicate?
M.: No, in triplicate. You have to sign it... and you have to enclose ... a
stamped self-addressed envelope... if you want a reply.
G.: Have I got to send a photo?
M.: No, you don't.
G.: Have I got to answer... all the questions?
M.: No, you only have to answer... those that concern you.
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G.: I'll have to read... the instructions again. I mustn't make any mistakes.
M.: Will you have to have... an interview?
G.: Yes, I expect... I'll have to go for one... next week. Luckily... I haven't
got to pass ... an examination. I haven't got to know ... anything at all. It's
personality that counts.
§ 53. Согласование времен
Sequence of Tenses
В английском языке правило согласования времен действует в
дополнительных придаточных предложениях, если глагол-сказуемое
главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени.
Необходимо запомнить, что в данном случае глагол-сказуемое
придаточного предложения должен стоять также в одном из прошедших
времен – Past Indefinite, или Past Continuous, или Past Perfect, или Future-inthe-Past (should, would + инфинитив смыслового глагола). При этом нужно
запомнить, что сказуемое придаточного предложения в форме Past Indefinite
и Past Continuous на русский язык переводится глаголом в настоящем
времени.
Ex. 14. Переведите на русский язык.
1. The witness said he knew the person suspected of crime. 2. The judge
said to a jury if they would consider their verdict. 3. The victim stated that she
had seen that man earlier. 4. The suspect felt that the interrogator had some
evidence of his guilt against him. 5. I thought that the traffic officer would not
notice any mistakes in my driving.
Ex. 15. Прочтите и переведите текст.
Text for Reading
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE USA
ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ПРАВИЛ ДОРОЖНОГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ В США
Traffic control became mandatory in ancient Rome as long ago as B. C.
when the accidents investigated by Romans had led to certain control
measures. In fact, it was here that man first discovered the three "E"s:
Engineering, Education, and Enforcement. The invention of the
motor-driven vehicle, the increased speed and traffic congestions have
made death, injury, and property damage all-too-common occurrences. The need of
establishing rules and regulations governing the drivers of this new invention as
well as their strict enforcement became apparent. Thus we have the modern-day
state vehicle codes and responsibilities of the police in enforcing the provisions of
these codes. Today, the three "E"s remain the basic principles of traffic control.
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The problem of traffic control is a problem of frightening
dimensions in the USA now involving millions of drivers,
motorcyclists, bicyclists, pedestrians, vehicles, miles of highways and
thousands of accidents, injuries sustained by victims, and deaths.
Vehicles and environmental factors, e.g. roadways lighting, weather conditions,
etc., often contributed to accidents or one of the three phases of vehicle collisions
(precrash, crash, and postcrash). However it is the human factor - the driver who is
responsible for safe driving and voluntary compliance. Mechanics of accident
investigation has corroborated by many facts that traffic law violations are the
direct cause of the accident, and such reminders are an excellent means for
motivating officers to enforce traffic laws. Drivers who violate the traffic laws are
hazards to other drivers. Such driving can easily be a direct cause of an accident
rather than physical factors. So the primary purpose of traffic law enforcement is to
induce into drivers compliance with reasonable traffic laws. This is the focus of
law enforcement.
While enforcing the law during their work shift police officers
directing traffic have to make so-called routine stops of traffic violators
to achieve voluntary compliance. Traffic officers usually use the rule
of thumb to warn a driver for a minor infraction of the traffic or
impose a fine and give a ticket. They issue a citation (summons) and make an
arrest for those who have caused violations. It's very important that police should
maintain a courteous and common-sense enforcement of the law. At the same time
knowledge that police will have inevitably enforced traffic laws when one violates
a road traffic rule deters some drivers from unsafe and unlawful driving. Driver
improvement often began with police action in identifying drivers who required
attention because of risks in their driving behaviour. State licensing agencies, e.g.
the Department of Motor Vehicles, systematically review the entire record of a
driver. Drivers can have their licences suspended or revoked when police reports
indicate driving behaviour has not improved and is a danger for other motorists.
The National Safety Council of the USA has listed nine driving offences as
principal accident causing moving traffic violations. They are:
1. Driving while under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs
(DUI) or driving while intoxicated (DWI). 2. Excessive speed.
3. Failure to yield the right of way. 4. Following another
vehicle too closely. 5. Improper turning movements. 6. Driving on centre lines. 7.
Failure to heed stop signs. 8. Improper passing. 9. Disregarding signals.
In discharging their traffic-control function police apply electronic traffic
control devices and radar speed management and alcohol countermeasures. The
wide range of activities performed by traffic officers have contributed and are
contributing to the safety of motorists and pedestrians using the local streets and
highway system.
96
Ex. 16. Просмотрите следующие слова, обращая внимание на суффиксы. Вспомните их значения. Переведите.
NOUNS
что?: кто?:
-tion -ence, -ance -sion -er, -or
education occurrence collision driver
invention compliance provision officer
regulations influence division violator
automation licence dimension protector
congestion offence
-ity -ist
condition experience activity motorcyclist
investigation difference responsibility bicyclist
violation
infraction
-ment -y
citation enforcement injury
ability motorist
attention improvement property
function department agency
detection movement safety
specialization management academy
intoxication
-sure
-ness
effectiveness
measure
ADJECTIVES (какой?):
-ent -al -ive -ry
ancient environmental excessive necessary
apparent governmental preventive mandatory
excellent physical voluntary
different national
-ic
primary
local basic
-able
reasonable
global traffic
electronic responsible
-ible
ADVERBS (как?):
-ly
closely nearly
inevitably easily effectively
systematically frequently certainly
Ex. 17. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова, обращая внимание на
приставки:
unsafe, unlawful, improper, disregard, countermeasures, discover, provision,
precrash, postcrash, reminder, inevitably.
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Ex. 18. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова, обращая внимание на
happening,
traffic regulation rules,
суффиксы и приставки:
discover – discovery
invent – invention – inventor – inventive
vehicle – vehicular
govern – government – governmental – governor
congest – congestion
occur – occurrence
drive – driving – driver
injure – injured – injurious – injury
contribute – contribution – contributor
corroborate – corroborative
remind – reminder – remindful
violate – violation – violator
reason – reasonable – reasonably – reasoning
warn – warning
cite – citation
suspend – suspended – suspense – suspension
safe – safety – safely
intoxicate – intoxication – intoxicant
Ex. 19. Прочтите и переведите синонимы (A) и антонимы (B).
accident – mishap
rules – regulation(s)
driver – motorist, operator
injury – damage
device – instrument crash – collision
intersection – crossroads pass – overtake
pursuit – chase
infraction – violation
common – usual citation – summons
vehicle – car, motor-car, auto apparent – evident
ancient – modern proper – improper
cover – discover regard – disregard
increase - decrease easy – difficult
death – life violation – observance
different – similar necessary – unnecessary
enforce laws – violate laws local – global
Ex. 20. Найдите в тексте "Применение правил дорожного движения в
A
occurrence –
incident
state vehicle code –
traffic rules
investigation –
detection, examination
B
98
США" английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
техническая оснащенность, воспитание и принуждение; изобретение
автомобиля; обычное происшествие; установить правила; правила дорожного
движения; проблема пугающих размеров; факторы окружающей среды;
автомобильное столкновение; добровольное согласие; нарушение правил
дорожного движения; причина несчастного случая; правило "большого
пальца"; незначительное нарушение; удерживать от опасного и
противоправного вождения; несоблюдение правила преимущественного
проезда; неправильный обгон; применять электронные устройства для
контроля за движением; способствовать безопасности водителей и
пешеходов.
Ex. 21. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. When did the traffic control become mandatory?
2. What three "E"s did man discover in traffic control?
3. What had led the ancient Romans to certain control measures?
4. What factors often contributed to traffic accidents?
5. Who is the main person responsible for safe driving?
6. Are drivers who have violated the traffic laws hazards to other drivers?
7. In which way do police officers usually perform while enforcing the law
during their work shift?
8. What do they do in case of a minor infraction of the traffic?
9. What do they do in case of serious traffic violation?
10. What are principal accident-causing moving traffic violations according
to the National Safety Council of the USA?
11. What new devices are contributing to police effectiveness in discharging
their traffic control function?
КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
Task I. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, используя материал урока.
– What are the most significant aspects of the traffic law enforcement
problem?
– Is there any difference between the listed traffic violations in the USA and
this country?
Task II. Выполните письменно лексический тест. Проверьте правильность ответов по ключу. Определите эффективность своей работы.
Translate into English
1. удерживать, отпугивать
2. погоня
3. знак
4. вести машину под воздействием
алкоголя
Translate into Russian
1. to corroborate
2. stream
3. damage
4. to list
5. to impose a fine
99
5. затор, пробка (уличного движения)
6. шоссе
7. применять
8. авария
9. пешеход
10. удостоверение водителя
11. превышать скорость
6. to cause
7. citation
8. traffic lights
9. infraction
10. collision
11. occurrence
Task III. В следующих предложениях обратите внимание на
подчеркнутые глаголы. Определите, стоят ли они в правильной форме.
Отметьте правильные предложения знаком (V).
1. Tom arrived last week.
2. Have you seen that officer last week?
3. I have finished my work at two o’clock.
4. When have you finished your work?
5. George has graduated from school three years ago.
6. Ann has violated road traffic rules.
7. Who has exceeded the speed limit?
8. Have you ever been to Argentina?
9. I have not seen you at the party on Saturday.
10. The weather conditions have been very bad this week.
Task IV. Напишите краткий рассказ о нарушениях правил дорожного
движения, с которыми Вы (не) сталкивались в этом году.
UNIT XIV
Crimes Are Committed (by criminals),
Crimes Are Solved (by police officers)
Преступления совершаются,
преступления раскрываются
Овладение речевыми грамматическими механизмами выражения действий,
совершаемых над объектом действия (глагол в Passive Voice), обзор изученного ранее
словарного запаса; усвоение другого языкового материала цикла, способствующего
пониманию сложных профессиональных текстов. ("Проблема идентификации в
полицейском расследовании" и др.)
ГРАММАТИКА ДЛЯ УСТНОЙ РЕЧИ
§ 54. Страдательный залог
The Passive Voice
Залог – это грамматическая категория глагола-сказуемого, дающая
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