- •Approaches to studying history
- •Передмова
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: history
- •What historians study
- •III. Find English equivalents of those expressions in the text:
- •IV. Say whether these statements correspond to the information of the text:
- •V. Answer the questions to the text:
- •VI. Finish the sentences according the information of the text:
- •VII. Insert necessary words and expressions using those from the box:
- •Unit II
- •II. Read and translate the text: history and prehistory
- •III. Particular studies and fields
- •IV. Study the given below lexical units and provide their Ukrainian variants:
- •V. Interpret the following in English:
- •VI. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •VII. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •VIII. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.
- •IX. Answer the following questions:
- •Unit III
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: theories of history
- •The development of historical writing
- •III. Find English equivalents in the text:
- •IV. Define the key sentences of the text.
- •V. Interpret the following in English:
- •VI. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms:
- •VII. Error correction. Define false statements and give their right versions:
- •VIII. Answer the questions trying not to give a one-word answer, add some information to develop the idea:
- •IX. Give the summary of the text.
- •X. Render the text close to its original variant.
- •XI. Translate the following passage in written form; entitle it; put 5 questions (of different types):
- •XII. Write an essay on the following topics:
- •Unit IV
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: historical methods
- •III. Study the given bellow lexical units and provide their Ukrainian variant:
- •IV. Define the key sentences of the text.
- •V. Complete the following statements to develop the idea:
- •II. Read and translate the text: historycal analysis
- •III. Study the given below lexical units (provide Ukrainian variant):
- •IV. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •V. Interpret the following in English:
- •VII. Find synonyms in the text for the following words and word combinations:
- •VIII. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.
- •IX. Gap filling:
- •X. Answer the following questions:
- •Unit VI
- •II. Read and translate the text. Periodization
- •III. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •IV. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •V. Study the given below lexical units (provide the Ukrainian variant):
- •VI. Explain the expressions in other words:
- •VII. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.
- •VIII. – Match the historical terms listed up in column a with the definitions provided in column b.
- •IX. Complete the following statements to develop the idea:
- •X. Answer the questions on the text:
- •XI. Insert prepositions in the gaps and translate the text.
- •Origins of periodization
- •XII. Put the following words in their correct place in the passage below.
- •Periodization of origins
- •XIII. Give the summary of the text.
- •XIV. Render the text close to its original variant. Unit VII
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: history of science
- •III. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •IX. Fill in the blanks using the information from the text:
- •X. Questions to be answered:
- •XI. Give the summary of the text.
- •XII. Render the text close to its original variant.
- •XIII. Make a written translation of the following passage: The origins of the discipline
- •Unit VIII
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: the methods of doing history of science
- •III. Match the words with their definitions:
- •IX. Answer the following questions:
- •Unit IX
- •II. Read and translate the text: chronology
- •III. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •IV. Explain the expressions in other words:
- •V. Study the given below lexical units (provide the Ukrainian variants):
- •VI. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms
- •VII. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •VIII. - Find the following adjectives and nouns from the text (column a and column b):
- •IX. Scan the gapped sentences and fill in the blanks:
- •X. Answer the questions on the text:
- •XI. Give the summary of the text.
- •XII. Render the text close to its original variant.
- •XIII. Make a written translation of the text. Entitle and retell it. Put all types of questions covering the plot of the text.
- •Chronological subjects
- •Anno Domini
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: chronicle
- •III. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •VIII. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.
- •IX. Select endings for the given statements to develop the idea:
- •X. Check how well you remember the text:
- •Unit XI
- •II. Read and translate the text: historiography
- •III. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •X. Say whether these statements correspond to the information of the text:
- •XI. Give the summary of the text.
- •XII. Render the text close to its original variant.
- •XIII. Make a written translation of the following passage. Put all types of questions. Modern historiography
- •XIV*. Use the sources available to find some additional information on the issue. Present your reports in the class. Unit XII
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: ancient historiography
- •Greek historiography
- •Roman historiography
- •VII. Interpret the expressions in other words:
- •VIII. - Find the following adjectives and nouns from the text (column a and column b):
- •IX. Read the gapped statements and fill in the blanks using the knowledge of the text:
- •X. Answer the questions on the text:
- •XI. Give the summary of the text.
- •XII. Render the text close to its original variant. Unit XIII
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: eastern historiography Chinese historiography
- •Muslim historiography
- •III. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •IV. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •V. Study the given below lexical units (provide the Ukrainian variants):
- •VI. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.
- •VII. Explain the expressions and sentences in other words:
- •VIII. - Find the following adjectives and nouns from the text (column a and column b):
- •IX. Fill in the gaps:
- •X. Check how well you remember the text:
- •XI. Give the general idea of the text.
- •XII. Render the text close to its original variant. Unit XIV
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: antropology
- •IX Answer the questions on the text:
- •X. Gap filling:
- •XI. Give the summary of the text.
- •XII. Render the text close to its original variant. Unit XV
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: the "four field" approach
- •III. Match the words with their definitions:
- •IV. Look through these words and expressions and provide their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •X. Give the summary of the text.
- •XI. Render the text close to its original variant.
- •XII. Make a written translation of the text. Entitle and retell it. Put all types of questions covering the plot of the text.
- •Unit XVI
- •I. Look through these words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: archaeology
- •III. Match the words with their definitions:
- •VIII. Questions to be answered:
- •IX. Insert prepositions in the gaps and translate the text:
- •Goals of archaeology
- •X. Give the summary of the text.
- •XI. Render the text using additional information on the issue.
- •Importance and applicability of Archaeology
- •Unit XVII
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: history of archaeology
- •III. Look through these words and expressions and provide their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •V. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •VI. Explain the expressions in other words.
- •VII. Look through the text and define the key historical terms of the text.
- •VIII. Say whether these statements correspond to the information of the text:
- •IX. Answer the questions on the text:
- •X. Make up a plan of the text in the form of statements.
- •XI. Give the general idea of this text.
- •XII. Render the text using additional information on the issue.
- •Excavation
- •XIII. Sum up the contents of the texts from units XVI, XVII under discussion. Unit XVIII
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text ethnography
- •Ethnohistory
- •III. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •IV. Study the given below lexical units (provide the Ukrainian variant):
- •V. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •VI. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.
- •VII. – Find the following adjectives and nouns from the text (column a and column b):
- •VIII. Select endings for the given statements to develop the idea:
- •IX. Explain the expressions in other words:
- •XI. Give extensive answers:
- •XII. Give the summary of the text.
- •XIII. Render the text close to its original variant.
- •XIV. Make a written translation of the text. Retell it. Put all types of questions covering the plot of the text.
- •XV. Give a brief presentation of ethnography, ethnohistory and ethnology and explain difference among them. Unit XIX
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: folkloristics
- •III. Find English equivalents for:
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of those expressions in the text:
- •V. Interpret the following in English:
- •VI. Match the words with their definitions:
- •VII. Choose the facts from the text to characterize:
- •VIII. Answer the fact-finding questions trying not to give a short answer, add some information to develop the idea:
- •IX. Choose the most significant points of the text for you to give the general idea.
- •X. Put the following words in their correct place in the passage below.
- •XI. Read the text to yourself and write the annotation.
- •And ‘Native Faith’ in Contemporary Ukraine”
- •Unit XX
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: museology
- •III. Study the given below lexical units and provide their Ukrainian variant:
- •IV. Find English equivalents for:
- •V. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •VI. Contradict the following statements:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Divide the text into logical parts and make up an outline of the text.
- •IX. Speak on the major points of the text in accordance with your plan.
- •X. Read the text and make its written translation.
- •XI. You are suggested the following points for discussion:
- •XII. Combine 2 texts and distinguish the main characteristic features of discipline “museum studies”. Unit XXI
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: arhival science
- •III. Find English equivalents of those expressions in the text:
- •IV.Arrange the following words in pairs of antonyms:
- •V. Study the given below lexical units and provide their Ukrainian variant:
- •VI. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •VII. Try to explain the following notions connecting with the discipline “Archival studies”. Pay attention to the different meaning of the words “storage” and “preservation”:
- •VIII. Select the endings for the given statements to develop the idea:
- •IX. Check how well you remember the text:
- •X. Divide the text into logical parts and make up an outline of the text.
- •XI. Review the text.
- •XII. Read the text to yourself and write the annotation.
- •XIII. Can you enumerate all the duties and abilities the archivists must have?
- •Unit XXII
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: oriental studies
- •III. Find English equivalents of those expressions in the text:
- •IV. Look through these words and expressions and provide their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •V. Give the synonyms to the underlined words:
- •VI. Give the antonyms to the underlined words:
- •VII. Explain the meaning of the following words and word combinations in your own words:
- •VIII. Contradict the following statements:
- •IX. Answer the fact-finding questions trying not to give a short answer, add some information to develop the idea:
- •X. Insert necessary words and expressions using those from the box:
- •XI. Give the general idea of this text.
- •XII. Render the text using your plan.
- •XIII. Read the text to yourself and write the annotation: From "Oriental Studies" to "Asian Studies"
- •Unit XXIII
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: egyptology
- •III. Find English equivalents of those expressions in the text:
- •IV. Look through these words and expressions and provide their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •V. Arrange the following words in pairs of antonyms:
- •VI. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:
- •VII. Explain the following notions, which constitute the range of Ancient Egyptian cultures:
- •VIII. Error correction. Define false statements and give their right versions:
- •IX. Answer the fact-finding questions trying not to give a short answer:
- •X. Present the general idea of the text.
- •XI. Review the text.
- •Some sentences have been extracted from the text and given below. Decide where they suit the best. Assyriology
- •Some expressions are underlined in the text. Try to explain how you understand them. Unit XXIV
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: political history
- •III. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •IV. Study the given below lexical units and provide their Ukrainian variants:
- •V. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •VI. Explain the expressions and sentences in other words:
- •VII. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.
- •VIII. – Find the following adjectives and nouns from the text (column a and column b):
- •IX. Gap filling. Read through sentences and think about missing information:
- •X. Answer the questions on the text:
- •Unit XXV
- •II. Read and translate the text: universal history
- •VII. Select endings for the given statements to develop the idea:
- •VIII. – Match the historical terms listed up in column a with the definitions provided in column b.
- •IX. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.
- •X. Give extensive answers:
- •XI. Choose the most significant points of the text for you to give the general idea.
- •XII. Render the text close to its original variant. Unit XXVI
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: world history
- •Big history
- •III. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.
- •IV. Find English equivalents of those expressions in the text:
- •V. Give Ukrainian equivalents of those expressions in the text:
- •VI. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •VII. Interpret the following in English:
- •VIII. Find in the text a word or phrase that means:
- •IX. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •X. Questions to be answered:
- •Unit XXVII
- •II. Read and translate the text:
- •Intellectual history
- •III. Look through these words and expressions and provide their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •IX. Choose the facts from the text that may help you characterize:
- •X. Answer the fact-finding questions trying not to give a short answer, add some information to develop the idea:
- •Unit XXVIII
- •II. Read and translate the text: cultural history
- •VII. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.
- •VIII. – Match the terms listed up in column a with the definitions provided in column b.
- •IX. Complete the following statements to develop the idea:
- •X. Scan the gapped sentences and fill in the blanks using the knowledge of the text.
- •XI. Check how well you remember the text:
- •Unit XXIX
- •II. Read and translate the text: cultural heritage
- •III. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •IV. Study the given below lexical units and provide their Ukrainian variants:
- •V. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.
- •VI. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •VII. Explain the expressions and sentences in other words:
- •VIII. Select the endings to the given statements to develop the idea:
- •X. Fill in the gaps using the knowledge of the text:
- •XI. Answer the fact-finding questions trying not to give a short answer, add some information to develop the idea:
- •Unit XXX
- •II. Read and translate the text: genealogy
- •III. Find English equivalents for:
- •VIII. Try to explain the words and expressions in other words:
- •IX. Error correction. Define false statements and give their right version:
- •X. Check if you remember the text:
- •XI. Present the general idea of the text.
- •XII. Review the text.
- •XIII. Read the text to yourself and write the annotation. Ethnic group
- •XIV. According to the written information answer the question:
- •Unit XXXI
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text social history
- •Natural history
- •III. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •IV. Study the given below lexical units and provide their Ukrainian variants:
- •X. Gap filling. Read through the gapped statements. Think about what information might be missing:
- •XI. Answer the following questions:
- •Unit XXXII
- •II. Read and translate the text: futurology
- •III. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •IV. Study the given below lexical units (provide the Ukrainian variant):
- •V. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •VI. Explain the words and expressions in other words (give the Ukrainian translation):
- •VII. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.
- •VIII. Finish up the statements to develop the idea:
- •X. Answer the fact-finding questions trying not to give a one-word answer:
- •XI. Scan the gapped statements think about missing information:
- •XII. Present the main idea of the text.
- •XIII. Render the text close to its original variant.
- •XIV. Make a written translation of the text. Put all types of questions covering the plot of the text. Retell it.
- •Unit XXXIII
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text: psychohistory
- •III. Study the given below lexical units (provide the Ukrainian variants):
- •IV. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •IX. Select the endings to the following statements:
- •X. Questions to be answered:
- •Unit XXXIV
- •II. Read and translate the text:
- •Military history
- •III. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •IV. Study the given below lexical units (provide the Ukrainian variant):
- •V. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •VII. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.
- •VIII. – Find the following adjectives and nouns from the text:
- •IX. Finish up the statements:
- •X. Give the extensive answers:
- •XI. Present the general idea of the text.
- •XII. Review the text. Unit XXXV
- •I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:
- •II. Read and translate the text:
- •Military history
- •III. Find English equivalents for the following:
- •IV. Give Ukrainian equivalents of those expressions in the text:
- •V. Give synonyms to the underlined words:
- •VI. Find in the text historical terms that mean:
- •VII. – Find the following adjectives and nouns from the text:
- •VIII. Choose the facts from the text that may help you characterize:
- •IX. Complete the following statements to develop the idea:
- •X. Answer the questions on the text:
- •History in faces Historian
- •Historical analysis
- •Historiography in Antiquity
- •Twentieth-century developments
- •Education and profession
- •In popular culture
- •Herodotus
- •Thucydides
- •Thucydides versus Herodotus
- •Sima Qian
- •Rashid al-Din
- •Ibn Khaldun
- •Dionysius Exiguus
- •Joseph Justus Scaliger
- •Edward Gibbon
- •Leopold von Ranke
- •Lewis Bernstein Namier
- •Geoffrey Elton
- •Vikentij Khvoika
- •Panteleimon Kulish
- •Dmytro Yavornytsky
- •Dmytro Doroshenko
- •Nataliia Polonska-Vasylenko
- •Ivan Krypiakevych
- •Omeljan Pritsak
- •Orest Subtelny
- •Supplementary texts Copper Age
- •Bronze Age
- •Iron Age
- •The History of Ukraine”
- •East Slavs
- •Six ages of the world
- •Way to Wisdom”
- •Iranian Studies
- •Indology
- •Ethnicity and nation
- •Ethno-national conflict
- •Definitions
Thucydides
Thucydides (c. 460 BC – c. 395 BC) was an ancient Greek historian, and the author of the History of the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides has been regarded as the father of scientific history because of his strict standards of gathering evidence and his analysis in terms of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the gods. He also has been considered as the father of the school of political realism that views the relations between nations as based on might rather than right. More generally, he shows an interest in developing an understanding of human nature to explain human behavior in such crises as plague and civil war. Other scholars lay greater emphasis on the History’s elaborate literary artistry and the powerful rhetoric of its speeches and insist that its author exploited non-"scientific" literary genres no less than newer, rationalistic modes of explanation.
Considering his stature as a historian, we know comparatively little about Thucydides' life. The most reliable information comes from his own History of the Peloponnesian War, and consists of his nationality, paternity, and native locality. Thucydides also tells us that he fought in the war, contracted the plague, and was exiled by the democracy.
Although there is no certain evidence to prove it, the rhetorical character of his narrative suggests that Thucydides was at least familiar with the teachings of the Sophists.
It has also been asserted that Thucydides' strict focus on cause and effect, his fastidious devotion to observable phenomena to the exclusion of other factors and his austere prose style were influenced by the methods and thinking of early medical writers such as Hippocrates. These theories are inferences from the perceived character of Thucydides' History.
Inferences about Thucydides' character can only be drawn from his book. Occasionally throughout The History of the Peloponnesian War his sardonic sense of humor is evident.
Thucydides admired Pericles, approving of his power over the people, and shows a palpable distaste for the more pandering demagogues who followed him. Thucydides did not approve of the democratic mob or the radical democracy Pericles ushered in but thought that it was acceptable when in the hands of a good leader. Also, Thucydides was clearly moved by the suffering inherent in war and concerned about the excesses to which human nature is apt to resort in such circumstances. This is evident in his analysis of the atrocities committed during civil conflict on Corcyra, which includes the memorable phrase "War is a violent teacher".
The History of the Peloponnesian War Thucydides wrote only one book; its modern title is the History of the Peloponnesian War. His entire contribution to history and historiography is contained in this one dense history of the twenty-seven year war between Athens and its allies and Sparta and its allies.
Thucydides is generally regarded as one of the first true historians. Like his predecessor Herodotus, Thucydides placed a high value on autopsy, or eye-witness testimony to events, and writes about many episodes in which he himself probably took part. He also assiduously consulted written documents and interviewed participants in the events that he records. Unlike Herodotus, he did not recognize divine interventions in human affairs. Certainly he held unconscious biases — for example, to modern eyes he seems to underestimate the importance of Persian intervention — but Thucydides was the first historian who attempted something like modern historical objectivity.
One major difference between Thucydides' history and modern historical writing is that Thucydides' history includes lengthy speeches which, as he himself states, were as best as could be remembered of what was said. These speeches are composed in a literary manner.
Classical scholars pointed out that one of Thucydides' central themes was the ethic of Athenian imperialism. So, many scholars have studied the theme of power politics, i.e. realpolitik, in Thucydides' history.
On the other hand, some authors reject the common perception of Thucydides as a historian of naked real-politik. They argue that actors on the world stage who had read his work would all have been put on notice that someone would be scrutinizing their actions with a reporter's dispassion, rather than the mythmaker's and poet's compassion and thus consciously or unconsciously participating in the writing of it. Thucydides' Melian dialogue is a lesson to reporters and to those who believe one's leaders are always acting with perfect integrity on the world stage.
Thucydides does not take the time to discuss the arts, literature or society in which the book is set and in which Thucydides himself grew up. Thucydides was writing about an event and not a period and as such took lengths not to discuss anything which he considered unrelated.
Leo Strauss argued that Thucydides had a deeply ambivalent understanding of Athenian democracy. More conventional scholars view him as recognizing and teaching the lesson that democracies do need leadership - and that leadership can be dangerous to democracy.