V. Interpret the following in English:

• humanities and social sciences;

• to be a bridge between sciences;

• to divide into manageable pieces for study;

• to provide new information;

• strict barriers;

• to give light on the past;

• mainstream historians;

• to generate problems

VI. Find English equivalents for the following:

• намагатися відповісти на історичні питання;

• джерела історичного знання;

• масштаб/широта людського минулого;

• посилаючись на;

• з появою письма;

• залежить від теми;

• різноманітність способів;

• спричинити потік інформації;

• пояснити важливі події;

• дивитися далеко за традиційні історичні галузі;

• залишатися критичним

VII. Give synonyms to the underlined words:

• to inquire;

• to attempt to answer;

• to be limited merely;

• to separate into three categories;

• to emphasize the importance;

• since writing emerged;

• to encompass subfields and ancillary fields;

• significant overlap;

• to concern oneself with;

• the creation of new scientific fields;

• to coin;

• to generate different interpretive problems and potentials

VIII. Look through the text and write out the key historical terms.

IX. Answer the following questions:

1. How can the discipline of history be seen?

2. With what meaning did the term “history” enter the English language?

3. What have traditionally historians attempted to do?

4. What categories can the sources of historical knowledge be separated into?

5. What has led to the term “history”?

6. What subfields does history encompass?

7. Why do scholars divide human past into manageable pieces for study?

8. Why was a new term “prehistory” coined?

9. What is the difference between history and prehistory?

X. Make up a plan of the text in the form of statements.

XI. Give the summary of the text.

XII. Render the text close to its original variant.

XIII. Make a written translation of the text:

Protohistory refers to a period between prehistory and history, during which a culture or civilization has not yet developed writing, but other cultures have already noted its existence in their own writings. For example, in Europe, the Celts and the Germanic tribes may be considered to have been protohistoric when they began appearing in Greek and Roman texts.

Protohistoric may also refer to the transition period between the advent of literacy in a society and the writings of the first historians. The preservation of oral traditions may complicate matters as these can provide a secondary historical source for even earlier events. Colonial sites involving a literate group and a non-literate group are also studied as protohistoric situations.

In The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe an article by Timothy Taylor says,

"Because of the existence in some but not all societies of historical writing during the first millennium BC, the period has often been termed 'protohistoric' instead of prehistoric. Of course, the understanding of the past gained through archaeology is broadly different in nature to understanding derived from historical texts. Having both sorts of evidence is a boon and a challenge."

In the abstract of a later paper on "slavery in the first millennium Aegean, Carpatho-Balkan and Pontic regions" , Taylor, who is primarily an archaeologist, says,

"I have taken the rather unusual step of trusting what the classical authors tell us they knew."

As with prehistory, determining when a culture may be considered prehistoric or protohistoric is sometimes difficult for the archaeologist. Data vary considerably from culture to culture, region to region, and even from one system of reckoning dates to another.

In its simplest form, protohistory follows the same chronology as prehistory, based on the technological advancement of a particular people with regard to metallurgy:

• The Copper Age or Chalcolithic

• The Bronze Age

• The Iron Age

The best known protohistoric civilizations and ethnic groups are those for whom the term was originally coined: the European barbarian tribes. Many of these peoples of course also experienced periods of prehistory and history.