- •Государственный университет высшая школа экономики
- •English for Economics
- •Пермь 2006
- •Isbn 5-88187-286-X
- •Предисловие
- •Contents Part I. Texts on Economics 6
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •II. Find words with similar meanings in the text:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Macroeconomics and microeconomics
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Fill in the blanks using the correct term: microeconomics, macroeconomics, microeconomists or macroeconomists:
- •III. Consider which of the following matters might be classified as macroeconomic and which as microeconomic:
- •IV. Match a line in a with a line in b:
- •V. Give a summary of the text.
- •VI. Render the text in English:
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •II. Find words and expressions that mean:
- •IV. Divide the text into 4 parts and formulate the main idea of each of them.
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Economic systems: two important distinctions
- •VI. Render the text in English:
- •VII. Give a summary of the text. Labour
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •Unemployment
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •Supply and demand
- •Factors Affecting the Demand of Households.
- •Factors Affecting Supply.
- •X. Render the text in English:
- •Wants and utilities
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •III. Translate the words and word combinations:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render in the text English:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Market
- •I. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •IV. Render the following sentences in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Markets and monopolies
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Do the following tasks:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Fill the gaps with the following words: coins, money, barter, legal tender, notes, value:
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •VI. Render the text in English:
- •VII. Give a summary of the text. Pricing
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Give synonyms to the words and expressions from the text:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. The problem of inflation
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Explain the following terms:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Banking
- •Central banking: an overview
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •III. Render the text in English:
- •IV. Fill in the blanks with proper words or word combinations:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Loans in the united kingdom
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Fill in each blank with one word from the box to illustrate typical collocations:
- •Interest security society business loan
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Market research
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the following words: characteristics, acceptance, market segment, analysis, carry out, techniques, products, surveys, observation, research, panels, questionnaires, desk:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Marketing
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Paraphrase the following statements:
- •III. Render the text in English:
- •IV. Give a summary of the text. Consumer choice
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Fill in the gaps:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •I. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Test 2 (Labour, Unemployment)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Test 3 (Wants and Utilities, Supply and Demand)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words in italics:
- •IV. Are the statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Test 4 (Market, Markets and Monopolies)
- •II. Match the two parts of the sentences:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Test 5 (Money, Pricing, The Problem of Inflation)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Test 6 (Banking, Central Banking, Loans in the uk)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Test 7 (Market Research, Marketing, Consumer Choice)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Part III. Resource Tests alternative market structures
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •Free-market medicine in russia
- •Is the Patient Recovering?
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Look at statements 1-3. In each statement, which phrase or sentence is correct?
- •III. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •IV. Match each of these statements with one of the paragraphs numbered 1-8.
- •V. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •VI. Complete the following table:
- •VII. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Should health care provision be left to the market?
- •II. Say whether the following sentences are “Right” or “Wrong”. If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. For each question 1-5, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •Can the market provide adequate protection for the environment?
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Strategic trade theory
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each statement 1-3, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. Are sentences below “right” or “wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •Concentration ratios
- •I. Are the sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •II. For each question, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •Competitive advantage and the small firm sector
- •I. Match each of these headlines with one of the texts above.
- •II. Look at statements 1-3. In each statement, which phrase or sentence is correct?
- •III. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •Growth through diversification
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Correct them.
- •The firm as a legal entity
- •I. Match each of these headlines with one of the texts above.
- •II. Which text reports on these items?
- •IV. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •Should central bank be independent of government?
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Are the days of cash numbered?
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the texts have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Look at statements 1-4. In each statement, which phrase or sentence is correct?
- •III. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •IV. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”’.
- •Regulation us-style
- •I. For each question 1-5, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •II. Are sentence below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. Find the mistakes in the sentences below and write the corrections in the spaces provided:
- •The political business cycle
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. There is one mistake in each of the following sentences (either an underlined word or a phrase); you are to find it.
- •Managers and owners:
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Complete the following table:
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Inequality and poverty
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Technology and employment
- •II. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •Do people volunteer to be unemployed
- •Involuntary unemployment
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the texts have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •Part IV. Fundamentals of Translation Вводное занятие
- •Порядок слов простого повествовательного предложения. Члены предложения
- •Занятие 1 Случаи отступления от прямого порядка слов в английском предложении
- •Практическое задание 1
- •Занятие 2
- •Практическое задание 2
- •Занятие 3 Модальные глаголы
- •Have to
- •Практическое задание 3
- •Занятие 4 Слова-заместители существительных; слова-заместители глаголов
- •Практическое задание 4
- •Занятие 5 Неличные формы глагола: Причастие I, его функции в предложении
- •Практическое задание 5
- •Занятие 6 Причастие II. Его функции в предложении
- •Практическое задание 6
- •Занятие 7 Причастные обороты: зависимые и независимые
- •Практическое задание 7
- •Занятие 8 Герундий
- •Практическое задание 8
- •Занятие 9 Герундиальные обороты (зависимые и независимые)
- •Практическое задание 9
- •Практическое задание 10
- •Занятие 11 Неличные формы глагола. Инфинитивные обороты – зависимые и независимые
- •Практическое задание 11
- •Занятие 12 Перевод официально-деловых материалов. Перевод латинских фраз.
- •Практическое задание 12
- •Bibliography
- •Для заметок
- •Учебное издание English for Economics
- •6 14990, Гсп-131, Пермь, ул. Дружбы, 34
Практическое задание 11
Exercise 1. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the objective infinitive construction.
1. I don’t consider him to be a good manager.
2. The manager considers the results to be unsatisfactory.
3. We expected John to be elected.
4. We expect interest rates to rise next week.
5. We assume the market share of these brewing companies not to have increased.
6. The experts find the demand to turn out to be greater than expected.
7. They proved the demand to have been highly elastic when the market was depressed.
8. We show the small firm to specialize in one product.
9. They believe the larger firms to be able to employ buyers who are experienced in buying particular products.
10. The scientists know the “ownership” of labour to be highly unpopular politically.
Exercise 2. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the subjective infinitive construction.
1. The free market economy is said to be more flexible.
2. The strike is expected to end soon.
3. Complimentarity is said to exist when an increase in the demand of another product.
4. Consumers are assumed to wish to maximize their utility of satisfaction.
5. Firms are assumed to maximize their short-run profits.
6. When an increase in the scale of production yields a more than proportionate increase in output, the enterprise is said to be experiencing economies of scale.
7. The company is said to be losing a lot of money.
8. Goods which are close substitutes for one another are said to be in competitive demand.
9. A good is said to be in composite demand when it is demanded for several different uses.
10. The capitalist system is said to be based upon the principle of competition.
Занятие 12 Перевод официально-деловых материалов. Перевод латинских фраз.
Перевод официально-деловых материалов включает в себя перевод текстов соглашений, контрактов, договоров. Он требует знания характерных особенностей их построения и передачи.
1. Для официальных документов характерна четкость построения, обеспечивающая логическую последовательность изложения, отграничение одной мысли от другой. Большие по размеру документы делятся на:
Разделы – sections
Подразделы – subsections
Главы – chapters
Статьи – articles
Пункты, параграфы – clauses, items, points, counts, paragraphs
Такие термины, как clause, item, point, count, paragraph, часто не имеют четкой дифференциации значений и при переводе данного документа лишь необходимо придерживаться того, чтобы одному и тому же английскому термину постоянно соответствовал один и тот же русский вариант.
Кроме того, в английском тексте официальных документов часто используются буквенные обозначения разделов или пунктов – а), в), с), d) и так далее. При переводе следует сохранять буквы латинского алфавита, так как это способствует сохранению точности и облегчает ссылки на соответствующий документ при переводе с русского языка на английский язык.
2. Для обеспечения аутентичности перевода необходимо обеспечить не только точную передачу содержания документа, но и точную передачу некоторых моментов, которые на первый взгляд могут показаться формальными. Так, необходимо следить за тем, чтобы в переводе было четкое соответствие официальных названий, принятых в русском и английском языках:
The USA |
США |
The United Stated of America |
Соединенные Штаты Америки |
3. Для исключения возможности разночтений или неправильной интерпретации перевода текста документа переводчик часто прибегает к дословному переводу формулировки текста, что ведет к созданию большого количества штампов, которые быстро становятся традиционными и регулярно употребляются при переводе официально-деловых материалов:
The terms and conditions – сроки и условия
Within the framework – в рамках
The contracting parties – договаривающиеся стороны
Within prejudice to – без ущерба
4. Одна из основных особенностей официально-деловых материалов – стремление в максимально сжатой форме изложить содержание документа, что ведет к изложению в одном предложении самых разнообразных положений. А это, в свою очередь, вызывает появление внутри одного предложения многочисленных инфинитивных и причастных придаточных оборотов. В таких случаях при переводе на русский язык уместно пользоваться дословным переводом.
5. В договорах, контрактах, уставах и других официально-деловых материалах очень часто встречаются случаи употребления глагола shall со 2-м и 3-м лицом единственного числа. При переводе на русский язык в таких случаях употребляется настоящее время, а оттенок долженствования, имеющийся в английском языке, не передается.
6. В связи с обилием традиционных формулировок, исторически складывавшихся в течение длительного времени, для официально-деловых материалов характерно употребление торжественной, а подчас и архаической лексики. При переводе подобных слов нужно использовать соответствующие слова и фразы, имеющиеся в русском языке. Например:
Aforesaid – вышеуказанный
Abovementioned – вышеупомянутый
Herein – при сем, в данном документе
Hereinafter named – здесь и далее именуемый
Передача таких слов, как therein, therewith, there at, there of, there to, зависит от контекста.
7. В английских официальных текстах иногда употребляются латинские и французские слова и фразы, как правило, эти исключения переводятся на русский язык их соответствиями.
Ad hoc – специальный
Bona fide – чистосердечно
Condition sine qua non – непременное условие
En bloc – в целом
Fait accompli – свершившийся факт
Inter a lia – помимо всего прочего
Ipso facto – по самому факту
Mutatis mutandis – с соответствующими изменениями
Modus vivendi – временное решение вопроса
Per capita – на душу населения
Pro tempore – временно
Etc. – и т.д.
Некоторые иноязычные слова и фразы, получившие широкое распространение в разных языках, при переводе на русский язык либо сохраняются в своем иностранном написании, либо транскрибируются. Последний способ является наиболее распространенным. Например:
Status qvo – статус кво
Quorum – кворум
Persona (non) grate – персона (нон) грата
Tabula rasa – табуля раза
Casus belli – казус белли
A priori – априори
De facto – де-факто
Force majeure – форс-мажор
8. Четкость построения официальных текстов находит свое отражение и в унифицированной схеме начала и окончания текста.