- •Государственный университет высшая школа экономики
- •English for Economics
- •Пермь 2006
- •Isbn 5-88187-286-X
- •Предисловие
- •Contents Part I. Texts on Economics 6
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •II. Find words with similar meanings in the text:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Macroeconomics and microeconomics
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Fill in the blanks using the correct term: microeconomics, macroeconomics, microeconomists or macroeconomists:
- •III. Consider which of the following matters might be classified as macroeconomic and which as microeconomic:
- •IV. Match a line in a with a line in b:
- •V. Give a summary of the text.
- •VI. Render the text in English:
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •II. Find words and expressions that mean:
- •IV. Divide the text into 4 parts and formulate the main idea of each of them.
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Economic systems: two important distinctions
- •VI. Render the text in English:
- •VII. Give a summary of the text. Labour
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •Unemployment
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •Supply and demand
- •Factors Affecting the Demand of Households.
- •Factors Affecting Supply.
- •X. Render the text in English:
- •Wants and utilities
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •III. Translate the words and word combinations:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render in the text English:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Market
- •I. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •IV. Render the following sentences in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Markets and monopolies
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Do the following tasks:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Fill the gaps with the following words: coins, money, barter, legal tender, notes, value:
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •VI. Render the text in English:
- •VII. Give a summary of the text. Pricing
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Give synonyms to the words and expressions from the text:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. The problem of inflation
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Explain the following terms:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Banking
- •Central banking: an overview
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •III. Render the text in English:
- •IV. Fill in the blanks with proper words or word combinations:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Loans in the united kingdom
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Fill in each blank with one word from the box to illustrate typical collocations:
- •Interest security society business loan
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Market research
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the following words: characteristics, acceptance, market segment, analysis, carry out, techniques, products, surveys, observation, research, panels, questionnaires, desk:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Marketing
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Paraphrase the following statements:
- •III. Render the text in English:
- •IV. Give a summary of the text. Consumer choice
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Fill in the gaps:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •I. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Test 2 (Labour, Unemployment)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Test 3 (Wants and Utilities, Supply and Demand)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words in italics:
- •IV. Are the statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Test 4 (Market, Markets and Monopolies)
- •II. Match the two parts of the sentences:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Test 5 (Money, Pricing, The Problem of Inflation)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Test 6 (Banking, Central Banking, Loans in the uk)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Test 7 (Market Research, Marketing, Consumer Choice)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Part III. Resource Tests alternative market structures
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •Free-market medicine in russia
- •Is the Patient Recovering?
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Look at statements 1-3. In each statement, which phrase or sentence is correct?
- •III. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •IV. Match each of these statements with one of the paragraphs numbered 1-8.
- •V. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •VI. Complete the following table:
- •VII. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Should health care provision be left to the market?
- •II. Say whether the following sentences are “Right” or “Wrong”. If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. For each question 1-5, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •Can the market provide adequate protection for the environment?
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Strategic trade theory
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each statement 1-3, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. Are sentences below “right” or “wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •Concentration ratios
- •I. Are the sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •II. For each question, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •Competitive advantage and the small firm sector
- •I. Match each of these headlines with one of the texts above.
- •II. Look at statements 1-3. In each statement, which phrase or sentence is correct?
- •III. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •Growth through diversification
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Correct them.
- •The firm as a legal entity
- •I. Match each of these headlines with one of the texts above.
- •II. Which text reports on these items?
- •IV. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •Should central bank be independent of government?
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Are the days of cash numbered?
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the texts have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Look at statements 1-4. In each statement, which phrase or sentence is correct?
- •III. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •IV. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”’.
- •Regulation us-style
- •I. For each question 1-5, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •II. Are sentence below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. Find the mistakes in the sentences below and write the corrections in the spaces provided:
- •The political business cycle
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. There is one mistake in each of the following sentences (either an underlined word or a phrase); you are to find it.
- •Managers and owners:
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Complete the following table:
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Inequality and poverty
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Technology and employment
- •II. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •Do people volunteer to be unemployed
- •Involuntary unemployment
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the texts have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •Part IV. Fundamentals of Translation Вводное занятие
- •Порядок слов простого повествовательного предложения. Члены предложения
- •Занятие 1 Случаи отступления от прямого порядка слов в английском предложении
- •Практическое задание 1
- •Занятие 2
- •Практическое задание 2
- •Занятие 3 Модальные глаголы
- •Have to
- •Практическое задание 3
- •Занятие 4 Слова-заместители существительных; слова-заместители глаголов
- •Практическое задание 4
- •Занятие 5 Неличные формы глагола: Причастие I, его функции в предложении
- •Практическое задание 5
- •Занятие 6 Причастие II. Его функции в предложении
- •Практическое задание 6
- •Занятие 7 Причастные обороты: зависимые и независимые
- •Практическое задание 7
- •Занятие 8 Герундий
- •Практическое задание 8
- •Занятие 9 Герундиальные обороты (зависимые и независимые)
- •Практическое задание 9
- •Практическое задание 10
- •Занятие 11 Неличные формы глагола. Инфинитивные обороты – зависимые и независимые
- •Практическое задание 11
- •Занятие 12 Перевод официально-деловых материалов. Перевод латинских фраз.
- •Практическое задание 12
- •Bibliography
- •Для заметок
- •Учебное издание English for Economics
- •6 14990, Гсп-131, Пермь, ул. Дружбы, 34
Практическое задание 10
Exercise 1: Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the functions of the infinitive.
1. The purpose of each business process is to offer each customer the right product or service.
2. More than 200 years ago, the economist Adam Smith formulated a theory to describe industrial practices that were already centuries old.
3. There are nation-wide schemes to encourage industrial investment.
4. To obtain a Stock Exchange listing, a company must have at least 25% of its shares held by public.
5. In order to create a supply of loans, people with the necessary financial resources have to be persuaded to loan.
6. Efforts to increase the productive capacity of poorer nations will only be effective if these nations are able to increase their exports.
7. At the last moment they decided not to continue with the negotiations.
8. It is important to carry out these changes as quickly as possible.
9. To encourage our employers to develop their skill is one of the prime concerns of management.
10. We have decided not to advertise this position, but recruit internally.
11. It is impossible for us to accept these terms.
12. The sales director claimed to have found three new customers.
13. After the acquisition they didn’t dare to replace the whole management team immediately.
Занятие 11 Неличные формы глагола. Инфинитивные обороты – зависимые и независимые
Зависимые инфинитивные обороты – это обороты, в которых перед инфинитивом нет слова, обозначающего действующее лицо или предмет, поэтому при переводе оборота придаточным предложением приходится повторять подлежащее английского предложения, а инфинитив сделать сказуемым.
I remembered to have studied the causes of this firm’s failure. |
Я помню, что я изучал причины, по которым эта фирма потерпела неудачу. |
Независимые инфинитивные обороты – это обороты, в которых перед инфинитивом есть слово, обозначающее действующее лицо или предмет, и которое становится подлежащим в придаточном предложении, а инфинитив – его сказуемым (то есть не зависит от подлежащего).
We know F.H. Sonnenberg to have written a famous book “Marketing to win”. |
Мы помним, что Ф.Х. Соненнберг написал знаменитую книгу «Маркетинг для победы». |
Абсолютный (независимый) инфинитивный оборот.
Порядок слов здесь такой же, как и в причастном абсолютном обороте: есть слово, обозначающее действующее лицо или предмет, за которым стоит инфинитив (а не причастие, как в причастном обороте). При переводе инфинитив становится сказуемым или в форме будущего времени, или со словом должен.
We asked him to help us, the work to be done in a week. |
Мы попросили его помочь нам, т.к. работа должна быть сделана через неделю. |
Встречается такой оборот реже, чем причастный, и запятая перед словом with нередко опускается.
We shall make the experiment (with) the sample to be taken from another country. |
Мы проведем этот эксперимент, причем группа испытуемых будет выбрана в другой стране. |
Сложное дополнение (Complex object).
Данная конструкция состоит из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже и инфинитива и представляет собой сложное дополнение. Употребляется:
а) После глаголов чувственного восприятия (инфинитив без частицы to): see, hear, feel, watch, perceive, notice, observe.
We noticed him be the most experienced manager in this company. |
Мы заметили, что он является самым опытным менеджером в этой компании. |
Местоимение в объектном падеже при переводе становится русским личным местоимением.
б) После глаголов, выражающих желания, чувства и намерения (инфинитив с частицей to): want, wish, like, hate, desire, intend.
They wanted Pepsi to get potentially large market with launching that new product – Pepsi Max. |
Они хотели, чтобы компания Пепси Кола с помощью выпуска своего нового продукта Пепси Макс вышла на потенциально крупный рынок. |
в) После глаголов умственной деятельности (инфинитив с частицей to): know, believe, think, consider, expect.
We believe the market research to have helped the business to come to a decision. |
Мы полагаем, что исследование рынка помогло компании принять решение. |
г) После глаголов речи (инфинитив с частицей to): ask, order, command, allow.
The head of the department allowed him to have continued that project. |
Начальник отдела разрешил, чтобы он продолжил работу над проектом. |
д) После глаголов, выражающих побуждение к действию (инфинитив без частицы to): let, make, have, get (to).
She made him solve this problem. |
Она заставила его решать проблему. |
Именительный с инфинитивом (Complex subject).
Эта конструкция не имеет аналогии в русском языке, ее компонентами являются подлежащее предложения и инфинитив, которые при переводе связаны как подлежащее со сказуемым. Таким образом, инфинитив переводится на русский язык безличным придаточным предложением или вводными словами, употребляется в следующих случаях:
а) При сказуемом в страдательном залоге, выраженном глаголами речи, умственной деятельности, чувственного восприятия и побуждения: say, report, announce, know, believe, think, find, suppose, see, hear, make.
He is known to be the most experienced manager in this company. |
а) Известно, что он является самым опытным менеджером в этой компании. |
|
б) Он, как известно, является самым опытным менеджером в компании. |
б) При сказуемом в действительном залоге, выраженном глаголами happen, seem, appear, prove, chance, turn out.
He seems to know our business plan in details. |
Кажется, он детально знаком с нашим бизнес-планом. |
в) При сказуемом, выраженном сочетанием глагола-связки с прилагательными likely, unlikely, sure, certain.
He is unlikely to know our business plan in details. |
Маловероятно, что он знаком с нашим бизнес-планом в деталях. |
For + существительное + Infinitive.
Как во всех независимых оборотах, в этой конструкции перед инфинитивом есть слово, обозначающее лицо или предмет, и вводится оно предлогом for. Это слово становится подлежащим придаточного предложения (вводимого союзами чтобы или что), в котором инфинитив становится сказуемым, например:
For this approach to be valuable it must be improved. |
Чтобы этот подход имел ценность, его следует усовершенствовать. |
There is a tendency for the method to be used in all the experiments. |
Существует тенденция к тому, чтобы использовать этот метод во всех экспериментах. |