- •Государственный университет высшая школа экономики
- •English for Economics
- •Пермь 2006
- •Isbn 5-88187-286-X
- •Предисловие
- •Contents Part I. Texts on Economics 6
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •II. Find words with similar meanings in the text:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Macroeconomics and microeconomics
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Fill in the blanks using the correct term: microeconomics, macroeconomics, microeconomists or macroeconomists:
- •III. Consider which of the following matters might be classified as macroeconomic and which as microeconomic:
- •IV. Match a line in a with a line in b:
- •V. Give a summary of the text.
- •VI. Render the text in English:
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •II. Find words and expressions that mean:
- •IV. Divide the text into 4 parts and formulate the main idea of each of them.
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Economic systems: two important distinctions
- •VI. Render the text in English:
- •VII. Give a summary of the text. Labour
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •Unemployment
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •Supply and demand
- •Factors Affecting the Demand of Households.
- •Factors Affecting Supply.
- •X. Render the text in English:
- •Wants and utilities
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •III. Translate the words and word combinations:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render in the text English:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Market
- •I. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •IV. Render the following sentences in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Markets and monopolies
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Do the following tasks:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Fill the gaps with the following words: coins, money, barter, legal tender, notes, value:
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •VI. Render the text in English:
- •VII. Give a summary of the text. Pricing
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Give synonyms to the words and expressions from the text:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. The problem of inflation
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Explain the following terms:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Banking
- •Central banking: an overview
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •III. Render the text in English:
- •IV. Fill in the blanks with proper words or word combinations:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Loans in the united kingdom
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Fill in each blank with one word from the box to illustrate typical collocations:
- •Interest security society business loan
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Market research
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the following words: characteristics, acceptance, market segment, analysis, carry out, techniques, products, surveys, observation, research, panels, questionnaires, desk:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Marketing
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Paraphrase the following statements:
- •III. Render the text in English:
- •IV. Give a summary of the text. Consumer choice
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Fill in the gaps:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •I. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Test 2 (Labour, Unemployment)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Test 3 (Wants and Utilities, Supply and Demand)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words in italics:
- •IV. Are the statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Test 4 (Market, Markets and Monopolies)
- •II. Match the two parts of the sentences:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Test 5 (Money, Pricing, The Problem of Inflation)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Test 6 (Banking, Central Banking, Loans in the uk)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Test 7 (Market Research, Marketing, Consumer Choice)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Part III. Resource Tests alternative market structures
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •Free-market medicine in russia
- •Is the Patient Recovering?
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Look at statements 1-3. In each statement, which phrase or sentence is correct?
- •III. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •IV. Match each of these statements with one of the paragraphs numbered 1-8.
- •V. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •VI. Complete the following table:
- •VII. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Should health care provision be left to the market?
- •II. Say whether the following sentences are “Right” or “Wrong”. If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. For each question 1-5, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •Can the market provide adequate protection for the environment?
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Strategic trade theory
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each statement 1-3, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. Are sentences below “right” or “wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •Concentration ratios
- •I. Are the sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •II. For each question, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •Competitive advantage and the small firm sector
- •I. Match each of these headlines with one of the texts above.
- •II. Look at statements 1-3. In each statement, which phrase or sentence is correct?
- •III. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •Growth through diversification
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Correct them.
- •The firm as a legal entity
- •I. Match each of these headlines with one of the texts above.
- •II. Which text reports on these items?
- •IV. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •Should central bank be independent of government?
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Are the days of cash numbered?
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the texts have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Look at statements 1-4. In each statement, which phrase or sentence is correct?
- •III. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •IV. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”’.
- •Regulation us-style
- •I. For each question 1-5, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •II. Are sentence below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. Find the mistakes in the sentences below and write the corrections in the spaces provided:
- •The political business cycle
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. There is one mistake in each of the following sentences (either an underlined word or a phrase); you are to find it.
- •Managers and owners:
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Complete the following table:
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Inequality and poverty
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Technology and employment
- •II. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •Do people volunteer to be unemployed
- •Involuntary unemployment
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the texts have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •Part IV. Fundamentals of Translation Вводное занятие
- •Порядок слов простого повествовательного предложения. Члены предложения
- •Занятие 1 Случаи отступления от прямого порядка слов в английском предложении
- •Практическое задание 1
- •Занятие 2
- •Практическое задание 2
- •Занятие 3 Модальные глаголы
- •Have to
- •Практическое задание 3
- •Занятие 4 Слова-заместители существительных; слова-заместители глаголов
- •Практическое задание 4
- •Занятие 5 Неличные формы глагола: Причастие I, его функции в предложении
- •Практическое задание 5
- •Занятие 6 Причастие II. Его функции в предложении
- •Практическое задание 6
- •Занятие 7 Причастные обороты: зависимые и независимые
- •Практическое задание 7
- •Занятие 8 Герундий
- •Практическое задание 8
- •Занятие 9 Герундиальные обороты (зависимые и независимые)
- •Практическое задание 9
- •Практическое задание 10
- •Занятие 11 Неличные формы глагола. Инфинитивные обороты – зависимые и независимые
- •Практическое задание 11
- •Занятие 12 Перевод официально-деловых материалов. Перевод латинских фраз.
- •Практическое задание 12
- •Bibliography
- •Для заметок
- •Учебное издание English for Economics
- •6 14990, Гсп-131, Пермь, ул. Дружбы, 34
Занятие 1 Случаи отступления от прямого порядка слов в английском предложении
(инверсии, усилительные конструкции)
Существует несколько случаев отступления от прямого порядка слов, которое вызывается разными причинами, например:
– необходимостью образования вопросительной формы,
– необходимостью особо выделить (усилить) тот или иной член предложения,
– необходимостью улучшить ритм предложения.
Для перевода актуальны два последних случая.
В английских предложениях смысловая насыщенность ослабляется к концу предложения. Поэтому выделяемое слово, если это не нарушает грамматических связей между словами, выносится обычно в начало предложения:
This mistake we observed in this article. |
Именно эту ошибку мы наблюдали во всех его статьях. |
В этом примере дополнение this mistake, которое согласно твердому порядку слов должно стоять после сказуемого, для смыслового выделения вынесено вперед, что дает нам право при переводе добавить усиливающее слово именно.
Отсутствие падежных и личных окончаний, в отличие от русского языка, делает перестановку слов в английском предложении ограниченным. Поэтому для смыслового выделения разных членов предложения, кроме метода простой перестановки слов в предложении (инверсия), используется также метод добавления дополнительных служебных слов (усилительная конструкция it is… that, усилительный do). Остановимся на каждом из способов более подробно:
1. Инверсия – это нарушения прямого порядка слов без внесения дополнительных элементов. Инверсия может быть простой и двойной.
а) при простой инверсии сказуемое (иногда дополнение) выносится в положение перед подлежащим. При переводе порядок слов английского предложения следует сохранять (и иногда использовать усиливающее слово).
In the article was a new example. |
В статье приводился новый пример. |
Подобная инверсия с введением дополнительного элемента there наблюдается в предложениях с оборотом there to be.
б) при двойной инверсии
во-первых, в начало предложения выносится смысловая часть сложного сказуемого, которая может быть выражена прилагательным, причастием I, причастием II или существительным с предлогом. При этом глагол-связка или вспомогательный глагол (обычно be) стоит после обстоятельства, которое имеется (или подразумевается) в предложениях такого типа.
во-вторых, подлежащее стоит после глагола be. Перевод следует начинать с обстоятельства (если оно есть), а смысловую часть сказуемого перенести к глаголу be.
Important for this method is decision-making strategy |
Для этого метода важным (фактором) является стратегия принятия решения. |
2. Усилительно-выделительная конструкция it is… that (помимо that могут использоваться which, who, when).
В этом случае для выделения любого члена предложения, кроме сказуемого, используются дополнительные элементы it is и that, которые как бы обрамляют выделяемое слово (ее иногда называют «рамочной» конструкцией). Первый ее элемент – it is – стоит в начале предложения, а второй – that, who, which – может находиться далеко от первого, что затрудняет обнаружение конструкции. Конструкцию (все три служебных слова) заменяют словами типа именно, только, это, как раз и продолжают перевод, сохраняя порядок слов английского предложения.
It is this last category that is of interest to us. |
Именно эта последняя категория представляет для нас интерес. |
It was not until 1970 that he published. |
И только в 1970 он опубликовал свою книгу. |
3. Усилительный глагол do.
Служебное слово – глагол do – используется в утвердительном предложении для усиления значения сказуемого. В этом случае do стоит непосредственно перед смысловым глаголом в форме инфинитива без частицы to и указывает на время, которое при переводе на русский язык переносится на смысловой глагол. Для передачи усиления в русском переводе можно использовать слова действительно, все же, наконец и т.п.
The value does seem high in the light of this observation. |
В свете этого наблюдения данное значение действительно кажется высоким. |
It did cause some difficulties. |
Это все же вызвало некоторые трудности. |