
- •Государственный университет высшая школа экономики
- •English for Economics
- •Пермь 2006
- •Isbn 5-88187-286-X
- •Предисловие
- •Contents Part I. Texts on Economics 6
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •II. Find words with similar meanings in the text:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Macroeconomics and microeconomics
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Fill in the blanks using the correct term: microeconomics, macroeconomics, microeconomists or macroeconomists:
- •III. Consider which of the following matters might be classified as macroeconomic and which as microeconomic:
- •IV. Match a line in a with a line in b:
- •V. Give a summary of the text.
- •VI. Render the text in English:
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •II. Find words and expressions that mean:
- •IV. Divide the text into 4 parts and formulate the main idea of each of them.
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Economic systems: two important distinctions
- •VI. Render the text in English:
- •VII. Give a summary of the text. Labour
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •Unemployment
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •Supply and demand
- •Factors Affecting the Demand of Households.
- •Factors Affecting Supply.
- •X. Render the text in English:
- •Wants and utilities
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •III. Translate the words and word combinations:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Render in the text English:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Market
- •I. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •IV. Render the following sentences in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Markets and monopolies
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •IV. Do the following tasks:
- •V. Render the text in English:
- •I. Give the English equivalents to:
- •III. Fill the gaps with the following words: coins, money, barter, legal tender, notes, value:
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •VI. Render the text in English:
- •VII. Give a summary of the text. Pricing
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Give synonyms to the words and expressions from the text:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. The problem of inflation
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Explain the following terms:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Banking
- •Central banking: an overview
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •III. Render the text in English:
- •IV. Fill in the blanks with proper words or word combinations:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Loans in the united kingdom
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Fill in each blank with one word from the box to illustrate typical collocations:
- •Interest security society business loan
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •V. Give a summary of the text. Market research
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the following words: characteristics, acceptance, market segment, analysis, carry out, techniques, products, surveys, observation, research, panels, questionnaires, desk:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •VI. Give a summary of the text. Marketing
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Paraphrase the following statements:
- •III. Render the text in English:
- •IV. Give a summary of the text. Consumer choice
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Fill in the gaps:
- •IV. Render the text in English:
- •I. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Test 2 (Labour, Unemployment)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Test 3 (Wants and Utilities, Supply and Demand)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words in italics:
- •IV. Are the statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Test 4 (Market, Markets and Monopolies)
- •II. Match the two parts of the sentences:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •Test 5 (Money, Pricing, The Problem of Inflation)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Test 6 (Banking, Central Banking, Loans in the uk)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Test 7 (Market Research, Marketing, Consumer Choice)
- •II. Put the words in the correct order:
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations in italics:
- •IV. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones:
- •V. Translate the following terms into English:
- •Part III. Resource Tests alternative market structures
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •Free-market medicine in russia
- •Is the Patient Recovering?
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Look at statements 1-3. In each statement, which phrase or sentence is correct?
- •III. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •IV. Match each of these statements with one of the paragraphs numbered 1-8.
- •V. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •VI. Complete the following table:
- •VII. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Should health care provision be left to the market?
- •II. Say whether the following sentences are “Right” or “Wrong”. If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. For each question 1-5, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •Can the market provide adequate protection for the environment?
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Strategic trade theory
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each statement 1-3, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. Are sentences below “right” or “wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •Concentration ratios
- •I. Are the sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •II. For each question, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •Competitive advantage and the small firm sector
- •I. Match each of these headlines with one of the texts above.
- •II. Look at statements 1-3. In each statement, which phrase or sentence is correct?
- •III. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •Growth through diversification
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Correct them.
- •The firm as a legal entity
- •I. Match each of these headlines with one of the texts above.
- •II. Which text reports on these items?
- •IV. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •Should central bank be independent of government?
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Are the days of cash numbered?
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the texts have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Look at statements 1-4. In each statement, which phrase or sentence is correct?
- •III. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •IV. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”’.
- •Regulation us-style
- •I. For each question 1-5, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •II. Are sentence below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. Find the mistakes in the sentences below and write the corrections in the spaces provided:
- •The political business cycle
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. There is one mistake in each of the following sentences (either an underlined word or a phrase); you are to find it.
- •Managers and owners:
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Complete the following table:
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Inequality and poverty
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the text have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. Are sentences below “Right” or “Wrong”? If there is not enough information to answer, choose “Doesn’t say”.
- •III. The mistakes in the sentences below have been underlined. Write the corrections in the spaces provided.
- •Technology and employment
- •II. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •Do people volunteer to be unemployed
- •Involuntary unemployment
- •I. Read the text. Some parts of the texts have been taken out. These extracts are listed below. Complete each gap with the appropriate extract. One sentence does not belong in any of the gaps.
- •II. For each question 1-4, mark one for the answer you choose.
- •III. Choose the best answer to complete each gap in the text.
- •Part IV. Fundamentals of Translation Вводное занятие
- •Порядок слов простого повествовательного предложения. Члены предложения
- •Занятие 1 Случаи отступления от прямого порядка слов в английском предложении
- •Практическое задание 1
- •Занятие 2
- •Практическое задание 2
- •Занятие 3 Модальные глаголы
- •Have to
- •Практическое задание 3
- •Занятие 4 Слова-заместители существительных; слова-заместители глаголов
- •Практическое задание 4
- •Занятие 5 Неличные формы глагола: Причастие I, его функции в предложении
- •Практическое задание 5
- •Занятие 6 Причастие II. Его функции в предложении
- •Практическое задание 6
- •Занятие 7 Причастные обороты: зависимые и независимые
- •Практическое задание 7
- •Занятие 8 Герундий
- •Практическое задание 8
- •Занятие 9 Герундиальные обороты (зависимые и независимые)
- •Практическое задание 9
- •Практическое задание 10
- •Занятие 11 Неличные формы глагола. Инфинитивные обороты – зависимые и независимые
- •Практическое задание 11
- •Занятие 12 Перевод официально-деловых материалов. Перевод латинских фраз.
- •Практическое задание 12
- •Bibliography
- •Для заметок
- •Учебное издание English for Economics
- •6 14990, Гсп-131, Пермь, ул. Дружбы, 34
Практическое задание 9
Exercise 1: Translate these sentences, paying attention to rendering gerundial constructions.
1. No lasting success can be achieved in the fight against inflation without restraining the trend towards growth in the money supply.
2. The mechanism of wage indexation has prevented workers from shouldering part of the real costs produced by higher energy prices.
3. The monetarists recommended slowing down and stabilizing money supply growth in order to restrain inflation.
4. But since the OPEC nations will undoubtedly attempt to offset their revenue losses at least in part by reducing their imports, the current account shortfall should be considered lower in actual fact.
5. Although in the early 80s a certain degree of tightening up in the personnel sector was effected, the basic positive outlook is still unchanged.
6. The large volume of private placements doesn’t seem, however, to be the only, or even the most important reason for the restraint on the part of some investors in subscribing to new issues.
7. Only on receiving slightly more positive interest rate signals from the US financial markets in the second half of the month did activity on the market begin to pick up.
8. To an increasing extent, borrowing is done not for development purposes but for servicing debts and for financing heavy trade deficits caused by unequal terms of trade with big capitalist countries.
9. Business, far from investing, is cutting back plans for expansion.
10. The Euromarket provides an opportunity of raising substantial loans on favourable terms without the credit facility being linked to individual projects.
11. The commission of experts is in favor of maintaining the Swiss banking secrecy law.
Занятие 10
Неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив.
Функции инфинитива в предложении,
употребление в составе сказуемого
Инфинитив (первая форма глагола) является неличной формой глагола, отвечающей на вопросы: что делать? что сделать? Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to. Инфинитив только называет действие, но не указывает ни лица, ни числа. Он, как все неличные формы, не может согласовываться с подлежащим, следовательно, не может являться самостоятельным сказуемым. Инфинитив, также как и герундий, произошел от существительного и, подобно герундию, может выполнять в предложении функции существительного. Функциональная близость инфинитива и герундия сказывается в том, что во многих случаях возможно употребление одной формы вместо другой.
Выполняя функции существительного, инфинитив вместе с тем имеет и глагольные свойства. В частности, может присоединять прямое дополнение, может определяться наречием и имеет залоговые и временные отличия.
Формы Indefinite выражают действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого. Они не уточняют связи действия, выражаемого инфинитивом, со временем, поэтому перевод может осуществляться инфинитивом глагола как совершенного, так и несовершенного вида.
They wanted to introduce a new system. |
Они хотели вводить (ввести) новую систему. |
Формы Perfect выражают действие, предшествующее действию глагола-сказуемого, переводятся инфинитивом совершенного вида.
He was expected to have done his work. |
Предполагали, что он уже сделал свою работу. |
Функции в предложении и способы перевода.
1. Подлежащее. В этой роли стоит перед сказуемым в начале предложения и может переводиться неопределенной формой русского глагола или существительным.
To think otherwise would be a mistake. |
Думать по-другому было бы ошибкой. |
To account for these variations is in principle straightforward. |
Объяснение этих изменений в принципе является простым. |
2. Дополнение. Стоит после сказуемого и переводится на русский неопределенной формой глагола.
We try to minimize the old disadvantages. |
Мы стараемся свести к минимуму ранее имевшие место недостатки. |
3. Обстоятельство. Может стоять в начале или в конце предложения. В обоих случаях его следует переводить неопределенной формой глагола с союзами для того чтобы, чтобы. Инфинитив может быть обстоятельством цели или обстоятельством следствия. Если это обстоятельство цели, то оно чаще всего стоит в начале предложения, и ему могут предшествовать союзы in order to, so as, которые помогают безошибочно определить, что перед нами обстоятельство, а не подлежащее. Если это обстоятельство следствия, то инфинитив чаще всего стоит в конце предложения, и ему часто предшествуют слова too, enough, sufficiently, sufficient.
In order to do a work well one must learn. |
Чтобы сделать какую-то работу хорошо, нужно научиться делать это. |
The term “production” is too complex to be explained in one paragraph. |
Термин «производство» слишком сложен, чтобы объяснить его в рамках одного параграфа. |
4. Определение.
В этой роли инфинитив обычно стоит после определяемого слова и обязательно переводится придаточным предложением, вводимым союзом который. При этом следует помнить, что инфинитив в форме Indefinite можно переводить сказуемым в будущем времени и со словами должен, нужно, можно, независимо от времени сказуемого.
There are many considerations to be taken into account in determining marketing strategy. |
Существует много соображений, которые следует принимать во внимание при выборе стратегии маркетинга. |
5. Вводный член предложения.
В этой функции инфинитив стоит обычно в конце предложения, всегда выделяется запятыми и может переводиться или деепричастием, или неопределенной формой глагола.
To sum up, we shall present the table of results. |
Подводя итог (чтобы подвести итог), приведем таблицу результатов. |
Употребление инфинитива в составе сказуемого.
В этом случае он выступает в сочетании со служебными глаголами и может использоваться с частицей to и без нее.
1. Инфинитив с частицей to:
а) стоит после глагола-связки be, который переводится словами значит, заключается в том, чтобы, например:
Our task is to launch this product in time. |
Наша задача заключается в том, чтобы сделать (выпустить) этот продукт вовремя. |
б) стоит после глаголов be и have, которые являются эквивалентами модального глагола must и переводятся словами должен, нужно, можно.
The question of the procedure is yet to be settled. |
Вопрос о методе еще нужно (предстоит) решить. |
2. Инфинитив без частицы to употребляется:
а) для образования будущего времени.
All such attempts will fail. |
Все такие попытки будут неудачными (ни к чему не приведут). |
б) для образования сослагательного наклонения после вспомогательных глаголов и при самостоятельном употреблении в придаточных предложениях.
This would give rise to economic problem. |
Это привело бы к возникновению экономических проблем. |
It is necessary that the model adequately represent the problem situation. |
Необходимо, чтобы модель адекватно представляла ситуацию проблемы. |
в) для образования повелительного наклонения.
Let us avoid unnecessary complications. |
Давайте избегать ненужных осложнений. |
г) после модальных глаголов.
A decision maker must evaluate the research and its results. |
Человек, принимающий решения, должен оценить исследование и его результаты. |