Модуль 4

THE INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS

ИНФИНИТИВНЫЕ И ПРИЧАСТНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ

ИНФИНИТИВНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ

Определительные и обстоятельственные инфинитивные обороты

1) … to be xed - после существительного	ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫЙ инфинитивный оборот	Определительным придаточным предложением Который будет, должен, может делаться
2) the (first, second, third, etc) to x		… первым (и т.д.) кто (с)делал , делает, будет делать.

The measurements to be analyzed should be accurate enough.

Измерения, которые будут (должны, могут) анализироваться, должны быть достаточно точными.

I. Find the attributive infinitive constructions. Give the Russian equivalents of the following structures with the infinitive. Use the word «делать» instead of the infinitive, «кто» instead of the subject.

To 1 is, The x can 2, The x to be 3ed is, The x will 4, The x begins to 5, The x is the second to 6, The x was xed to 7, The x is the first to 8, The x xs the x to 9, The x to be 10 was, The x is too x to 11, To 12 is, The x may 13, The x shall 14, The x starts to 15, The x is the third to 16, The x is xed to 17, The x is the fourth to18

II. Find the attributive infinitive constructions. Give the Russian equivalents of the following parts of sentences.

1) An important issue to be discussed was; 2) there is a research to be held; 3) a new device model to be tested attracted; 4) there were the thesis figures to be calculated; 5) the project elements to be studied carefully is; 6) the engine to be repaired urgently was; 7) the research results to be covered at the conference were; 8) a new approach to be applied in the experiment found out; 9) the system bugs to be fixed were; 10) the chemical reactions to be evaluated are; 11) was the first to realize the difficulty of the situation; 12) is the second to invent the electric current.

III. Find the attributive infinitive constructions, and give their feature. Define the place and the sequence of the translation:

1. The plan of our work will be discussed at the meeting to be held on May 25. 2. The devices to be weighted were brought to the station. 3. The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand on solidifying. 4. Не was the first to apply the new method of work. 5. Nearly all refrigerators to be used at home are based upon the principle that the rapid evaporation of a liquid or the expansion of a gas produces cooling. 6. For the experiment we need several electric devices to be connected in series. 7. He described the device to be used in all modern systems. 8. The apparatus to be assembled is very complicated. 9. Lodygin was the first to invent the electric lamp. 10. The measurements to be made should be accurate enough.

IV. Give the Russian equivalents, of the following groups of words and word combinations. Define their similarity and differences:

1. to be in demand, to be a success, to be costly;

2. is/are found, is/are expected, is/are taken, is/are reported;

3. comparatively, daily, highly, likely/unlikely.

V. Match each English word from the left column with the correct Russian equivalent:

to improve, improved, improvement to require, requirement, required

улучшать, требовать, улучшенный, требование, улучшение, необходимый/требуемый

VI. Arrange in pairs the words with а) similar, meaning, b) contrary meaning:

a) requirements, vital, to have, to fabricate, to calculate, to estimate, essential, to manufacture, characteristics that are needed, to possess.

b) inert, lighter, useful, unimportant, stronger, difficult, expensive, useless, simple, to be vital, active, cheap.

VII. In the text of task VIII find a word derived from the verb to resist. Give other derivatives of this verb.

VIII. Read the text and find the answer to the question: Of what metals does iron remain by far the most important?

Better Metals are Vital to Technological Progress

1. Since the earliest days the preparation of metals for mechanical use was vital to the advance of civilization. Gold, silver and copper were the first to be used by a primitive man, as they were found free in nature. Today we know more than sixty five metals available in large enough quantities to be used in industry.

2. Metals are mostly solids at ordinary temperatures and possess comparatively high melting points with the exception of mercury. They are for the most part good conductors of heat and electricity, and silver is the best in this respect. They can be drawn into fine wires and hammered into thin sheets.

3. As to their chemical properties the first point to be mentioned is that they vary widely in degree of chemical activity: some are enormously active and others are inert. The Earth contains a large number of metals useful to man. Of all metals to be utilized in industry iron remains by far the most important. Modern industry needs considerable quantities of this metal either in the form of iron or steel.

4. To get the desirable characteristics in metal or to improve them the art to mix metals and other substances began to develop. The first alloys that were formed in this way were sometimes stronger, tougher, harder and more elastic than the metals of which they were composed. To estimate nowadays how many alloys there exist in the modern world is difficult because their numbers increase daily.

5. To serve special uses modern metals and alloys must be lighter yet stronger, more corrosion resistant, more suitable for automatic fabrication yet less expensive than those available before.

6. Scientists are developing new processes and improving old ones in order to produce metals and alloys that will meet the present-day requirements. One of the most interesting purposes is, for instance, to make metals stronger, in other words, to strengthen them by reinforcing them with fibres. Today transportation, communication, farming, construction and manufacturing all depend on the variability of suitable metals and alloys.