X. Translate the parts of sentences below. Pay attention to the translation of the verbs to follow, to influence, to watch, to affect in the passive form:

1. the pattern is influenced (was influenced, is being influenced, will be influenced);

2. the report was followed (has been followed, will have been followed, was being followed);

3. the experiments were watched (are being watched, will be watched, had been watched);

4. the results are affected (were being affected, have been affected, will have been affected).

XI. Give the Russian equivalents of the sentences below. Pay attention to the translation of the predicates in the passive form:

1. This paper was shortly followed by another by the same author. 2. The first question is readily answered. 3. There are circuits which are not influenced by the temperature. 4. The rates and molecular weights are affected by lowering the temperature. 5. The experiment will be followed by testing the end product. 6. The level of oxygen is constantly watched by the operator. 7. Every thing is affected by its relations to everything else. 8. Methods employed in solving a problem are strongly influenced by the research objective. 9. The reaction was followed by measuring temperature. 10. The question arises as to how the behaviour of metals is affected by the changes in temperature.

XII. Explain the way of word formation of the verbs in bold type. Give their Russian equivalents. (see Appendix, p. …)

1. I work on a keyboard connected to a computer. 2. Will traditional newspapers ever disappear? 3. You’ve seen brilliant people devise computer viruses that bring down whole systems. 4. These inks are designed to provide better halftones, which are necessary to reproduce photographs. 5. The microprocessor, or CPU, works with the operating system to control the computer. 6. Many people believe that in 1796 Cugnot created the first mechanical vehicle moving by itself.

XIII. Match each English word with the correct Russian equivalent.

abacus branch calculus cause control engine forward invent multiply send

вызывать вперёд умножать исчисление изобретать посылать управлять отрасль счеты машина

XIV. In the text of task XVI find a word derived from the verb to compute. Give other derivatives of this verb.

XV. Arrange in pairs the words with а) similar meaning, b) contrary meaning.

1. Accident, appear, invent, emerge, device, forecast, trouble, propose, cause, appliance, count, suggest, devise, experiment, calculate, reason, test, predict.

2. Easy, independently, cheap, several, multiply, together, forward, divide, buy, complicated, modern, send, backward, sell, receive, expensive, ancient, few.

XVI. Look through the text. Define its main idea.

The First Calculating Devices

1. Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens.

2. Then the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of abacus well into the l6^th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.

3. During the I7^th and 18^th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. A mechanical way of multiplying and dividing was invented by J.Napier, a Scotsman. Now it is the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to produce logarithm tables which are used by all mathematicians today.

4. Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments.

5. In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed to build a general-purpose problem-solving machine that was called "the analytical engine". This machine was showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855. Babbage never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today's computers.