II. Find the sentences with conjunctionless subordination. Give their Russian equivalents.

1. Every effort is made to integrate as many electronic and logic components as possible within the chip and thus reduce external connections. 2. The first unit records the time each vehicle passes the speed trap and identifies each vehicle by its number plates. 3. With hundreds of thousands of international sites each providing thousands of pieces of data, it is easy to imagine the mass of raw data available to users. 4. Should a large amount of data be processed it may be advisable to read it from a data file. 5. The desks they will use will have multiple flat screen voice interfaces, computer programs with human-like personalities and 3Dsound positioning. 6. Were one electron removed, a net positive charge would be left. 7 Aaron J. Hand, managing editor of Semiconductor International magazine, said the new manufacturing technique would still require chipmakers to make some changes to their fabrication plants and buy new tools. 8. A bulk material should have constant physical properties regardless of its size, but at the nano-scale this is often not the case.

III. Give the Russian equivalents of the following sentences.

1. Such guidelines are extremely effective as they lead the visitors through the site content in a very simple and user-friendly way. 2. As the Web is different from print, it’s necessary to adjust the writing style to users’ preferences and browsing habits. 3. After you’ve worked on a site for few weeks, you can’t observe it from a fresh perspective anymore. 4. Should one computer fall , the other takes over its function. 5. Either you’ll be pointed to the problems you have or you’ll be pointed the absence of major design flaws which is in both case a useful insight for your project. 6. Time users waste being lost on your intranet is money you waste by paying the employees to be at work without getting work done. 7. To increase programming efficiency and simplify use, however, most programs are written in a high-level language which uses commands based on words and mathematical notation. 8. The main reason people and businesses are switching over to VoIP is because of the significant cost savings that can be made over a traditional service provider.

IV. Give the Russian equivalents of the verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Pay attention to the meaning of the words they were formed from.

Ensure (sure – уверенный), vastly (vast – огромный), different (differ –отличаться), simultaneously (simultaneous – одновременный), ultimately (ultimate – последний, конечный), reassemble (assemble – собирать), completely (complete – полный; целый), reconstruct (construct –конструировать), various (vary – изменять).

V. Arrange in pairs the words and word combinations with a) similar meaning, b) contrary meaning.

a) Ultimately, efficient, originally, ensure, happen, define, complicated, transmit, route, regardless, finally, determine, occur, guarantee, effective, way, despite, initially, send, sophisticated.

b) Completely, divide, construct, receive, simple, join, ultimately, transmit, efficient, destroy, the same, partially, complicated, various, initially, ineffective.

VI. Match each word English or word combination with the correct Russian equivalent.

destination	предоставлять
ensure	запрос
node	маршрут
occur	невзирая на
provide	принимать (сигнал)
receive	место назначения
regardless of	происходить, случаться
request	компонент
route	гарантировать
unit	узел (устройство, подключенное к сети)

VII. In the text of task VIII find the word derived from the verb to transmit. Give other derivatives of this verb and give their Russian equivalents.

VIII. Read the text and choose the most suitable title.

A. The History of the Internet

B. Data transmission on the Internet

C. Internet protocols

The Internet

1. The Internet (or simply the Net) is a worldwide system, or network, of computers. It got started in the late 1960s. Back then it was called ARPAnet, named after the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA). When people began to connect their computers into ARPAnet, the need became clear for a universal set of standards, called a protocol, to ensure that all the machines «speak the same language». All the Internet activity consists of computers «talking» to one another. This occurs in machine language. However, the situation is vastly more complicated when data goes from one place to another through a single computer.

2. On the Internet, data must often go through several different computers to get from the transmitting or source computer to the receiving or destination computer. These intermediate computers are called nodes, servers, hosts, or Internet service providers. Millions of people are simultaneously using the Net; the most efficient route between a given source and destination can change from moment to moment, as signals always try to follow the most efficient route.

3. If you are connected to a distant computer, say a machine at the National Hurricane Center, the requests you make of it and the data it sends you are broken into small units called packets. Each packet coming to you has your computer’s name written on it. But not all packets necessarily travel the same route through the network. Ultimately, all the packets are reassembled into the data you want, say, the infrared satellite image of a hurricane, even though they might not arrive in the same order they were sent. A file cannot be completely reconstructed until all the packets have arrived and the destination computer has ensured that there are no errors.

4. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is now the standard format for transmitting data in packets from one computer to another on the Internet and various other networks. TCP/IP was originally developed by the United States Department of Defense for computers using the UNIX operating system, but it is now used by every computer, regardless of operating system, on the Internet. TCP defines how data are transferred across the Internet to their destination. IP defines how data are divided into chunks, called packets, for transmission; it also determines the path each packet takes between computers.