II. Name the features of the subordinate clauses. Define their beginning and the end.

1. When a cell phone is turned on, it connects by radio waves to the nearest cell tower. 2. The CPU determines where on the physical media the appropriate file is stored. 3. Although the channel is vulnerable to packet collisions under random access, various procedures have been developed to reduce this probability. 4. While a system is transmitting, it also listens, and if it detects a simultaneous transmission, it stops, waits for a random time, and retries. 5. The AP (access point) also provides a bridge which plugs into the hub of a fixed LAN allowing both fixed and wireless users to talk to each other. 6. The firewall then determines whether the requested network connection will be allowed.7. High-level languages are less efficient but are easier to use because they more closely resemble spoken or mathematical languages. 8. It is easy to see that the more bytes a node can send each time it has the token, the better the utilization of the ring you can achieve in the situation in which only a single node has data to send.

III. Compare the subordinating conjunctions by their form and meaning, define their similarities and differences. Give the Russian equivalents of the sentences.

1. Users can share data, files, or applications on the network as if these resources resided on their respective computers. 2. If the software fails its alpha or beta tests, the programmers will have to go back to an earlier step. 3. The arithmetic/logic unit performs arithmetic operations, such as addition and subtraction, and logic operations, such as testing a value, to see if it is true or false. 4. A firewall also logs information about network traffic, which can help an administrator understand and prevent attacks. 5. As a computer processes data and instructions, it temporarily stores information in main memory, which consists of random-access memory (RAM). 6. Although there may be thousands or millions of virtual connections across the public network, the switches in the public network behave as if there is only one connection. 7. We will proceed as though each link is implemented by a single cable/fiber. 8. People with digital cameras can record events, send the images to a Web server, and allow people anywhere in the world to view the images almost as soon as they are recorded.

Усилительная конструкция

It is (was, will be) ….. that (who, which, when) = именно, только, как раз
It was Popov who invented radio. It was not until 1995 that he published his book.	Именно Попов изобрел радио. И только в 1995 г. он опубликовал свою книгу.

IV. Find the sentences with emphatic construction. Give their Russian equivalents.

1. It was only with the miniaturization of integrated semiconductor circuits, however, that the modern microprocessor became possible. 2. It was not until the early 1990s that the Internet became accessible to the general public. 3. It was a highly structured language that supported good programming techniques. 4. The existence of one of the earliest electronic digital computers was kept so secret that it was not revealed until decades after it was built. 5. The techniques that direct the precise motions of a tool can also be used to direct the motions of a robotic device, and it is in this application that the microprocessor excels. 6. It is widely believed that human intelligence has three principal components: consciousness, the ability to classify knowledge and retain it, and the ability to make choices. 7. It is the semiconductor fabrication technology which now offers the opportunity of producing vacuum tubes as small as transistors.