Микросхемотехника / amelina_m_a_amelin_s_a_programma_shemotehnicheskogo_modeliro

ɫɬɟɞɚɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Value ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨ- ɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɢɬɤɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.30. Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɨɦ

ɉɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɬɢɩɨɜɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɚɧɚ- ɥɢɡɚ — ɜɵɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ V(13), ɬɨɤ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ I(L4) ɢ ɬɨɤ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɬɪɚɧɫ- ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ I(L1). ɇɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.31) — ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶ- ɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ LC-ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ. Ɍɨɤɢ ɢɦɟ- ɸɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ ɨɝɢɛɚɸɳɭɸ.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.31. ȼɵɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ

ɉɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ- ɥɹɸɬ ɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ. Micro-Cap ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ

ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍ.ɟ. ɦɨɠɧɨ

ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, 500 ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ (ɡɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɫɢɥɨ- ɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɬɫɹ), ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɟɳɟ 2-3 ɩɟ- ɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɣ. ɋɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɞɟ-

ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɧɸ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɣ

Transient>State Variables Editor>Write. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɮɚɣɥ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟ-

ɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Limits ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ State Variables (ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ) ɧɟ Zero (ɧɭɥɟɜɵɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɭɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɸ), ɚ Read (ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɢɡ ɮɚɣɥɚ). ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.32 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɧɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.

ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ — ɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɨɞ D1. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚ- ɬɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ Y ɫɜɨɣ ɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛ- ɧɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ. Ɂɧɚɤ «ɦɢɧɭɫ» ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɨɞɟ (–V(D1)) «ɩɟɪɟɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚ- ɟɬ» ɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɧɬ ɫ ɬɨɤɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.32. Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɢɨɞɟ D1

ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ — ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɢɨɞɟ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ (ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɧɚ- ɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ).

ɇɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ — ɩɪɨɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɟ ɤ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ (14 ɦɤɫ) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɞɢɨɞɟ (8,92 ȼɬ). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɜɡɹɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɧɟ- ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ. ɍɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ-

ɉɨɞɫɯɟɦɚ X1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɒɂɆ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɹ ɂɂȼɗɉ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ (ɜ ɚɧɝɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ — Voltage Mode, VM). ɉɨɞɫɯɟɦɚ ɒɂɆ- ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ PWMVM ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ SPICE, ɩɪɢ ɤɥɢɤɟ ɦɵɲɶɸ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɜ

ɪɟɠɢɦɟ , ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɫɯɟɦɵ. ȿɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ:

xFB — ɜɯɨɞ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɢɧ- ɜɟɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɯɨɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɒɂɆ- ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɯɨɞ ɡɚɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ- ɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɸ (ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ — ɫ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ R11-R13).

xCMP — ɜɵɯɨɞ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɢɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɭɸ- ɳɢɦ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɒɂɆ-ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɦ CMP ɢ FB, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɰɟɩɶ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ. ȼɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɡɜɟɧɨ (ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ RC ɰɟɩɟɣ R1, C1, R11, C2, C3, R2) ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞ- ɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɸ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɒɂɆ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ PID- ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ.

xOUT — ɜɵɯɨɞ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɚ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ ɒɂɆ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ, ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɭ (ɛɚɡɟ, ɡɚɬɜɨɪɭ) ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ ɨɞɧɨ- ɬɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ.

xIMAX — ɜɯɨɞ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɨ ɬɨɤɭ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ. ɋɸɞɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɫ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɬɨɤɚ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ (ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ — ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ Rsense). ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ IMAX ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɩɨɞɫɯɟɦɵ Imax, ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɨɪ, ɫɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ RS- ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɨɦ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɵ- ɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ-

ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ Zero (ɪɢɫ. 2.34) ɛɟɡ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɨɩɰɢɢ Operating Point. Ɂɚɞɚɞɢɦ ɨɬɨ- ɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ V(load) ɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɞɜɭɯɨɛɦɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɹ I(L11).

ɂɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ 15ȼ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟ- ɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ ɰɟɩɟɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ (ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɫɦ. ɜ [9–11]).

ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɒɂɆ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬ- ɪɨɦ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɟɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɫɯɟɦɭ. ȼ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬ- ɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ Ref=5ȼ (ɫɦ. ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɨɞɫɯɟɦɵ X1 ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.33). ȼ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɟ ɫ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ R11-R13 ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɦɭ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɧɚ- ɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ 15ȼ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɦ.

ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɰɟɩɶ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ

ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ — ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ — ɬɨɤ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɹ-ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ — ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɞɪɨɫɫɟ- ɥɹ-ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ, ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ I(L11)+Ntr*I(L22).

ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨ- ɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɨɣ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɟ- ɞɚɱɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɨɣ). Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɚ- ɤɨɣ ɬɨɤ ɧɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ- ɥɹɟɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɟ. ɂɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶ- ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ (ɩɪɢɜɟ- ɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɧɟ ɫɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨ ɧɭɥɹ).

ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ — ɷɬɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɰɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨ- ɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɞɜɭɯɨɛɦɨɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɟ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦ, ɨɞɧɨɨɛ- ɦɨɬɨɱɧɨɦ. ɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɬɨ- ɤɨɜ I(L11) ɢ I(L22) ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ Y. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɬɨɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɨɛ- ɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨ- ɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɜ ɬɟ- ɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɵ- ɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɭɩɵ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ- ɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ. ɇɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ: ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ (ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ) ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɪɟɠɢ- ɦɟ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ 1-2 ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ, ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɫ- ɱɟɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ Transient>State Variables

Editor (). Ɉɬɤɪɨɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɧɨ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɢ ɤɧɨɩ- ɤɢ Write ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɣɥ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ c ɢɦɟɧɟɦ, ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɫ ɢɦɟ- ɧɟɦ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɯɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɣɥɚ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ.

ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɚɢ- ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛ- ɪɚɡɧɨ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨ-

ɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ, ɜ ɨɤɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ State Variables ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ Read (ɪɢɫ. 2.36). ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɩɨ- ɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɵ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɬɨɤɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤ- ɠɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɒɂɆ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ.

ȼɪɟɦɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ (Time Range) ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ (21 ɦɤɫ). ȼ ɩɨɥɹɯ Y Expression ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ VDS(M1), ɬɨɤɚ Id (M1), ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ PD(M1) ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɸ- ɱɚ M1; ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɚ V(10) ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɚɯ ɤɨɦɩɚ- ɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɒɂɆ-ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ (ɩɨɞɫɯɟɦɵ X1). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞ- ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.37.

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ. ȼ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ 10u ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɪɚɜɧɨ 6.2. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɥɸɱɟ — 6.2 ȼɬ. Ɇɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɳ- ɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɥɸɱɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ — 352 ȼɬ. Ɇɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɦɩɮɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɰɟɩɢ R14C4.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɒɂɆ- ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɰɟɩɢ. ɂɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.

ɋɯɟɦɚ-ɩɪɢɦɟɪ demo08.cir ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɟ Demo ɚɪɯɢɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ.

2.5.9. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ

ɉɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ (ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ) ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ., ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟ- ɧɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ MicroCap ɑɏ ɢ Ɏɑɏ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ. ɗɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨ- ɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɯɟɦɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢ- ɤɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍ.ɟ. ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɜɯɨ- ɞɹɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ (ɫɢɥɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɸɱɢ ɢ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɢɨɞɵ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɑɏ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ (ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟ- ɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ) ɩɪɢɯɨ- ɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚ- ɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ [7, 10, 11]. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢ- ɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɢ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɛɭ- ɞɟɬ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ — ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ (ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɨɤɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɹ- ɠɟɧɢɣ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ (ɢɦɢ- ɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ).

ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ

Micro-Cap ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɢ- ɩɨɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ (ɪɚɡɞɟɥ SMPS>Converters ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɨɜ), ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚ- ɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ- ɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ — ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɯɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟ- ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ (Flyback converter) c Ƚ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 2.38). Ƚ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚ- ɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ L ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɚ Cout.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.38. ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɯɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ (Flyback converter)

ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ V1 ɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ (12ȼ). Ɇɚɤɪɨɦɨɞɟɥɶ X3 (FLYBACKVM) — ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɯɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ: ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɹ-ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ L=75 ɦɤȽɧ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Fs=100 ɤȽɰ. X5 — ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ- ɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɯɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɹ- ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ (Flyback Transformer). Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɫ- ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɜɟɧ 1. ȼɵɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ (ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢ- ɡɚɰɢɢ) Vout=5ȼ, ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ Rload=20 Ɉɦ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɹ Flyback ɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɰɟɩɶ ɜ ɹɜɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ, ɨɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɦɨɞɟɥɢ FLYBACKVM.

Rupper-Rlower — ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ȼ

ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɨɩɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ (2,5B). ɋɢɝɧɚɥ ɨɛ- ɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɛɥɨɤ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɤɢ, ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ (ɏ6, X7), ɜɵɩɨɥ- ɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɟ TL431 ɢ ɞɢɨɞɧɨ-ɬɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɨɩ-

ɬɨɩɚɪɟ MOC8101.

Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɰɟɩɶ (R3, R2, Rupper, Rlower, C1…C3, X7) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɸɳɟ-ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɡɜɟɧɨ PID [7, 9], ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ RC-ɰɟɩɢ, ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ/ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɰɟɩɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɟɥɤɢ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ MC9, MC10 — Region Enable. ɗɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɤɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ Micro-Cap (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ. 2.38). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹ- ɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɨɤɧɟ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 0 ɢɥɢ 1. ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 0, ɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ (ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɫɟɪɵɦ ɰɜɟɬɨɦ). ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ ɡɧɚ- ɱɟɧɢɟ 1, ɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ (ɪɢɫ. 2.39.). Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.39. Ɉɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɯɟɦɵ

ɋ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ERR ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɲɢɪɨɬɧɨ-ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ. ȼɵ- ɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨ- ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɭ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ D ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ NTVofV. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɭ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ V(ERR) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ D1 ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ (0,1), ɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɭ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ V(ERR) — ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ D1=0,78. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɦɟɧɹ- ɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 0.1 ɞɨ 0.78 ȼ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜ ɰɟɩɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɞɨɥ- ɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɬɨ Vstim. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɥ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɰɟɩɢ Ɉɋ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ- ɫɨɜ, ɜ ɫɯɟɦɭ ɜɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɤɢ Col ɢ Lol. ɉɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɧɟɛ- ɪɟɠɢɦɨ ɦɚɥɵ (1p), ɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ — ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱ- ɧɨɫɬɢ (100K). ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɚɧɚɥɢ-

ɡɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɣ .Define CL IF(Analysis = _Transient,1P,100K).

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɩɢ ɈɈɋ ɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɪɦɨ- ɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ AC-ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɢ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɩɢ ɈɈɋ ɢ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ (DC, Transient).

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ

Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɑɏ ɢ Ɏɑɏ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɇɚɣɤɜɢɫɬɚ [9, 11]. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ- ɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɰɟɩɟɣ, ɨɬɤɥɸɱɢɜ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Region Enable=0. Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɑɏ ɢ Ɏɑɏ ɪɚɡɨɦɤ- ɧɭɬɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.40.

Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 2.40. ɚ, ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ Ɉɋ ɧɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ — ɮɚɡɚ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɧɭɥɸ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɟ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɭɥɹ (73.3 ɞȻ). ȿɫɥɢ ɡɚɦɤ- ɧɭɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ, ɬɨ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɟ ɩɢɬɚ-