- •Unit I
- •About myself
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •My Working Day
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •My Day Off and My Hobbies
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading material text a
- •The Cell
- •If we examine a thin piece of a plant under a microscope we shall see
- •Cells: the Smallest Units of Life, their Structure
- •Crammar exercises
- •Unit II
- •The Belarusian State University
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Make sentences using the following words and expressions.
- •II. Complete the following sentences.
- •The Biology Faculty
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Make up sentences using the following words and expressions.
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •II. Mind the pronunciation of the following words:
- •III. Mark the following statements as true or false:
- •Species
- •Grammar execises
- •Unit III
- •Belarus
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •Minsk-the Capital of the Republic of Belarus
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •Reproduction and Growth
- •Bacteria: their Construction
- •Crammar exercises practice modals
- •Practice substitute words
- •Unit IV
- •The United Kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •I. Make sentences
- •II. Complete the sentences using the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •My Future Profession
- •Botanist
- •Ecologist
- •Biochemist
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading material
- •Algae: the Simplest Green Plants
- •Crammar exercises practice participle
- •Practice infinitive
- •Practice gerund
- •Unit V
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4, 5.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •VI. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the modal verbs.
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •VI. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the meanings of the verbs.
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •VIII. Put in some, any, something, anything, nothing, nobody and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4, 6.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •Questions:
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •Questions:
- •Исключения
- •Pronouns and Substitute words
- •(Местоимение и словазаменители)
- •The word One
- •Слово One
- •Слово-заместитель that (those)
- •Слово-заместитель this (these)
- •II. Articles
- •III. Numbers (Числительное)
- •IV. Pronouns (местоимения)
- •V. Оборот there is (there are)
- •IV. Безличное it
- •VII. Adjectives (прилагательное)
- •VIII. Adverbs (наречия)
- •IX. Tenses Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •X. Modal Verbs (модальные глаголы)
- •Основные значения модальных глаголов
- •XI. Participle
- •Функции причастия
- •I. Определениe (Attribute (какой?, какая?)
- •Models:
- •2. Participle II
- •II. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier (как?, почему?, когда?)
- •1. Participle I (Active and Passive)
- •2. Participle II
- •3. Perfect Participle
- •Причастные обороты
- •1. Сложное дополнение (Complex Object)
- •2. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
- •3. Независимый причастный оборот (Absolute Participial Construction)
- •XII. Gerund
- •Функции герундия
- •1. Подлежащее (Subject)
- •Часть составного именного сказуемого (Part of a Compound Nominal Predicate)
- •Часть составного глагольного сказуемого (Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate)
- •4. Прямое дополнение (Direct Object)
- •5. Косвенное дополнение (Indirect Object)
- •6. Определение (Attribute) Герундий в данной функции употребляется после следующих абстрактных существительных с предлогами:
- •7. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier)
- •Герундиальные обороты (gerundial constructions)
- •Употребление инфинитива без частицы to
- •Функции инфинитива
- •1. Подлежащее (Subject)
- •2. Часть сказуемого (Part of the Predicate)
- •3. Дополнение (Object)
- •4. Определение (Attribute)
- •5. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier of):
- •Инфинитивные обороты (infinitive constructions)
- •1. Сложное Дополнение (Complex Object)
- •2. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
- •3. Инфинитивный оборот
- •(The For-To-Infinitive Construction)
Questions:
What are all living things made up of?
How many cells are there in every human being?
What cells are the smallest and what cells are the largest?
How does a nucleus look like?
What does the nucleus control?
Where is the endoplasmic reticulum?
How does the endoplasmic reticulum act?
What are the most important cell structures in the cytoplasm?
II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 1, 3.
III. Put questions to the underlined words.
The dog retains his native hunting instinct.
Some insects closely resemble a twig of a tree and it is a good way of its being protected.
Annual plants survive the winter as seeds only.
There are, however, ten or more amino acids which animals cannot produce in this way.
The temperature of the liquid remained constant.
This method was done away with many years ago.
IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
There (to be) many forms related to the Hydra in the seas.
This problem (to solve) by the British scientists many years ago.
Francesco Redi (to carry out) a simple set of experiments.
The so-called Red Coral (to grow) on the sea floor and (to look) like a small shrub with many red branches and white flowers.
Some algae (to be) capable of free movement of their body.
Sharks (to produce) large eggs which (to fertilize) inside the body of the mother.
V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
In dystrophic lakes rich in organic matter the number of bacteria is clearly lower than in entrophic ones.
The eggs were obtained from two females in each series and the spermatozoa from one made whose sperm proved to be the best as assessed from motility tests.
As a rule the oxygen content was always more complete in lakes in summer than in autumn.
VI. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the modal verbs.
Living protoplasm must always be thought of as a system in dynamic equilibrium.
There should be an equal chance of X or Y sperm meeting on ovum, and therefore equal members of boy and girl babies should be born.
Different techniques again have to be used with microorganisms.
This implies that each DNA chain might serve as a template for the synthesis of its complementary pair.
The structure of the molecule could be reduplicated exactly.
VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to different meanings of the substitute words.
One can improve the structure of the soil by proper treatment.
The atomic weight of sulphur is twice as large as that of oxygen.
It takes much time to make all the necessary calculations.
These conditions are known as the most important ones for the development of a plant.
It is never too late to learn.
VIII. Put in some, any, something, anything, nothing, nobody and translate the sentences into Russian.
Can you name ... types of food and their functions?
... small holes in the membrane will permit the flow of malecules through the membrane.
There is ... new about this hereditary disease.
There is ... interesting about chemosynthesis in this book.
Do you know ... minerals that are required by animals for healthy teeth and bone formation?
IX. Make plural forms of the following nouns.
thesis –
wolf –
species –
goose –
leaf –
UNIT VI
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GRAMMAR REFERENCE
I. The Noun
Имя существительное
Образование множественного числа существительных
Единственное число |
Множественное число |
Примечания |
day bird |
days birds |
после гласных и звонких согласных -s произносится [z] |
book cat |
books сats |
после глухих согласных -s произносится [s] |
brush rose |
brushes roses |
после шипящих и свистящих -es произносится [iz] |
box watch |
boxes watches |
суффикс -еs прибавляется на письме к конечным s, sh, ch, x, z |
tomato potato |
tomatoes potatoes |
суффикс -es прибавляется к конечной -о, которой предшествует согласная (исключения: pianos, photos |
fly country |
flies countries |
при прибавлении -s -у в конце слова после согласных переходит в –ies |
leaf life |
leaves lives |
при прибавление -s конечные -f; -fe переходят в –ves |
bookcase forget-me-not |
bookcases forget-me-nots (незабудки) |
у сложных существительных -s прибавляется к конечному компоненту |