- •Unit I
- •About myself
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •My Working Day
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •My Day Off and My Hobbies
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading material text a
- •The Cell
- •If we examine a thin piece of a plant under a microscope we shall see
- •Cells: the Smallest Units of Life, their Structure
- •Crammar exercises
- •Unit II
- •The Belarusian State University
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Make sentences using the following words and expressions.
- •II. Complete the following sentences.
- •The Biology Faculty
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Make up sentences using the following words and expressions.
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •II. Mind the pronunciation of the following words:
- •III. Mark the following statements as true or false:
- •Species
- •Grammar execises
- •Unit III
- •Belarus
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •Minsk-the Capital of the Republic of Belarus
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •Reproduction and Growth
- •Bacteria: their Construction
- •Crammar exercises practice modals
- •Practice substitute words
- •Unit IV
- •The United Kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •I. Make sentences
- •II. Complete the sentences using the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •My Future Profession
- •Botanist
- •Ecologist
- •Biochemist
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading material
- •Algae: the Simplest Green Plants
- •Crammar exercises practice participle
- •Practice infinitive
- •Practice gerund
- •Unit V
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4, 5.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •VI. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the modal verbs.
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •VI. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the meanings of the verbs.
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •VIII. Put in some, any, something, anything, nothing, nobody and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4, 6.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •Questions:
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •Questions:
- •Исключения
- •Pronouns and Substitute words
- •(Местоимение и словазаменители)
- •The word One
- •Слово One
- •Слово-заместитель that (those)
- •Слово-заместитель this (these)
- •II. Articles
- •III. Numbers (Числительное)
- •IV. Pronouns (местоимения)
- •V. Оборот there is (there are)
- •IV. Безличное it
- •VII. Adjectives (прилагательное)
- •VIII. Adverbs (наречия)
- •IX. Tenses Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •X. Modal Verbs (модальные глаголы)
- •Основные значения модальных глаголов
- •XI. Participle
- •Функции причастия
- •I. Определениe (Attribute (какой?, какая?)
- •Models:
- •2. Participle II
- •II. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier (как?, почему?, когда?)
- •1. Participle I (Active and Passive)
- •2. Participle II
- •3. Perfect Participle
- •Причастные обороты
- •1. Сложное дополнение (Complex Object)
- •2. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
- •3. Независимый причастный оборот (Absolute Participial Construction)
- •XII. Gerund
- •Функции герундия
- •1. Подлежащее (Subject)
- •Часть составного именного сказуемого (Part of a Compound Nominal Predicate)
- •Часть составного глагольного сказуемого (Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate)
- •4. Прямое дополнение (Direct Object)
- •5. Косвенное дополнение (Indirect Object)
- •6. Определение (Attribute) Герундий в данной функции употребляется после следующих абстрактных существительных с предлогами:
- •7. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier)
- •Герундиальные обороты (gerundial constructions)
- •Употребление инфинитива без частицы to
- •Функции инфинитива
- •1. Подлежащее (Subject)
- •2. Часть сказуемого (Part of the Predicate)
- •3. Дополнение (Object)
- •4. Определение (Attribute)
- •5. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier of):
- •Инфинитивные обороты (infinitive constructions)
- •1. Сложное Дополнение (Complex Object)
- •2. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
- •3. Инфинитивный оборот
- •(The For-To-Infinitive Construction)
IV. Pronouns (местоимения)
Личные: Subject Object
I me
we us
you you
he him
she her
it it
they them
Притяжательные:
I – my mine
we – our ours
you – your yours
he – his his
she – her hers
it – its
they – their theirs
e.g. Is this your cat? – Yes, it’s mine.
Возвратные:
I – myself – себя, сам(а)
he – himself – себя, сам
she – herself – себя, сама
we – ourselves – себя, сами
you – yourself (ед.ч.) – себя, сам(а)
you – yourselves (мн.ч.) – себя, сами
they – themselves – себя, сами
it – itself – себя, само
e.g. Tell me about yourself.
Sometimes I talk to myself.
Указательные:
Singular Plural
this these
that those
e.g. Which shoes do you like most? These or those?
Взаимные:
еach other – друг друга
one another – один другого
e.g. Jill and Ann are good friends. They know each other well.
Вопросительные:
who
what
when
where
whose
why
how (many, much)
e.g. Where’s Ann from?
What colour is your bag?
Неопределенные:
Some (в утвердительных предложениях)
Any (в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях)
и их производные:
something/ somebody = someone
anything/ anybody = anyone
nothing/ nobody = no-one
somewhere
anywhere
nowhere
Note: something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody – употребляется в единственном числе.
e.g. I bought some cheese but I didn’t buy any bread.
There is no sugar in your coffee.
I’m hungry. I want something to eat.
It’s dark. I can’t see anything.
What did you say? – Nothing.
He lives somewhere near Minsk.
I am looking for my glasses. I can’t find them anywhere.
All the hotels were full. There was nowhere to stay.
V. Оборот there is (there are)
Оборот there is (во множественном числе there are) выражает наличие или отсутствие какого-либо лица, предмета или явления в определенном месте и переводится обычно словами есть, имеется, лежит, находится (в отдельных случаях не переводится).
Перевод предложения, в котором есть оборот there is/there are, чаще всего начинается с обстоятельства места.
There is a lamp on the table. There are many children in the garden. |
На столе (находится) лампа. В саду много детей. |
Если в предложении с there is/there are имеется несколько логических подлежащих, то глагол to be обычно согласуется с подлежащим, непосредственно следующим за ним.
There is a table and two chairs in the room. There are two chairs and a table in the room. |
В комнате (находится) стол и два стула. В комнате (находится) два стула и стол. |
В вопросительной форме глагол to be ставится перед there.
Is there a picture on the wall? Are there children in the yard? |
На стене (висит) картина? Есть дети во дворе? |
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи следующих отрицаний: 1) not (в кратких ответах, где оно относится к глаголу).
Is there a book on the table? No, there is not. |
На столе есть книга? Нет. |
2) nо (в полных ответах)
There is no picture on the wall. |
На стене нет картины. |
Отрицание nо ставится перед существительным. После отрицания nо артикль перед существительным не ставится.
There is no map on the wall. There is no lamp on the table. |
На стене нет карты. На столе нет лампы. |
В утвердительной форме в предложении с оборотом there is/there are перед исчисляемым существительным в единственном числе употребляется неопределенный артикль.
There is a map on the wall. |
На стене (находится) карта. |
Перед неисчисляемыми существительными или перед существительными во множественном числе может употребляться местоимение some (any – в вопросительном предложении).
There are some bags on the bench. Are there any bags on the bench? |
На скамейке несколько сумок. Есть ли какие-нибудь сумки на скамейке? |
Past Simple – There was/were
Present Perfect – There has/have been
Future Simple – There will be
Model:
There was a good film on TV last night.
We stayed at a very big hotel. There were 250 rooms.
Were there any letters for me yesterday?
When I got home, I was hungry but there wasn’t anything to eat.
Look! There has been an accident.
This road is very dangerous. There have been many accidents.
Do you think there will be a lot of people at the party on Saturday?
I’ll do my packing today because there won’t be time tomorrow.