- •Unit I
- •About myself
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •My Working Day
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •My Day Off and My Hobbies
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading material text a
- •The Cell
- •If we examine a thin piece of a plant under a microscope we shall see
- •Cells: the Smallest Units of Life, their Structure
- •Crammar exercises
- •Unit II
- •The Belarusian State University
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Make sentences using the following words and expressions.
- •II. Complete the following sentences.
- •The Biology Faculty
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Make up sentences using the following words and expressions.
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •II. Mind the pronunciation of the following words:
- •III. Mark the following statements as true or false:
- •Species
- •Grammar execises
- •Unit III
- •Belarus
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •Minsk-the Capital of the Republic of Belarus
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •Reproduction and Growth
- •Bacteria: their Construction
- •Crammar exercises practice modals
- •Practice substitute words
- •Unit IV
- •The United Kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •I. Make sentences
- •II. Complete the sentences using the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •My Future Profession
- •Botanist
- •Ecologist
- •Biochemist
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading material
- •Algae: the Simplest Green Plants
- •Crammar exercises practice participle
- •Practice infinitive
- •Practice gerund
- •Unit V
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4, 5.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •VI. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the modal verbs.
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •VI. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the meanings of the verbs.
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •VIII. Put in some, any, something, anything, nothing, nobody and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4, 6.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •Questions:
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •Questions:
- •Исключения
- •Pronouns and Substitute words
- •(Местоимение и словазаменители)
- •The word One
- •Слово One
- •Слово-заместитель that (those)
- •Слово-заместитель this (these)
- •II. Articles
- •III. Numbers (Числительное)
- •IV. Pronouns (местоимения)
- •V. Оборот there is (there are)
- •IV. Безличное it
- •VII. Adjectives (прилагательное)
- •VIII. Adverbs (наречия)
- •IX. Tenses Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •X. Modal Verbs (модальные глаголы)
- •Основные значения модальных глаголов
- •XI. Participle
- •Функции причастия
- •I. Определениe (Attribute (какой?, какая?)
- •Models:
- •2. Participle II
- •II. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier (как?, почему?, когда?)
- •1. Participle I (Active and Passive)
- •2. Participle II
- •3. Perfect Participle
- •Причастные обороты
- •1. Сложное дополнение (Complex Object)
- •2. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
- •3. Независимый причастный оборот (Absolute Participial Construction)
- •XII. Gerund
- •Функции герундия
- •1. Подлежащее (Subject)
- •Часть составного именного сказуемого (Part of a Compound Nominal Predicate)
- •Часть составного глагольного сказуемого (Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate)
- •4. Прямое дополнение (Direct Object)
- •5. Косвенное дополнение (Indirect Object)
- •6. Определение (Attribute) Герундий в данной функции употребляется после следующих абстрактных существительных с предлогами:
- •7. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier)
- •Герундиальные обороты (gerundial constructions)
- •Употребление инфинитива без частицы to
- •Функции инфинитива
- •1. Подлежащее (Subject)
- •2. Часть сказуемого (Part of the Predicate)
- •3. Дополнение (Object)
- •4. Определение (Attribute)
- •5. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier of):
- •Инфинитивные обороты (infinitive constructions)
- •1. Сложное Дополнение (Complex Object)
- •2. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
- •3. Инфинитивный оборот
- •(The For-To-Infinitive Construction)
IV. Безличное it
Употребляется для указания:
времени:
What time is it?
It’s half past ten
It’s late
It’s time to go home
дней:
What day is it.
It’s Thursday.
It’s 16 March.
It was my birthday yesterday.
расстояния:
How far is it from London to Paris?
It’s a long way from here to the station.
We can walk home. It isn’t far.
погоды:
It’s raining.
Does it snow very often.
It’s warm/hot/cold/windy/sunny.
It’s a nice day today.
cравните it и there
It rains a lot in winter.
There is a lot of rain in winter.
It was very windy.
There was a strong wind yesterday.
VII. Adjectives (прилагательное)
Adjective + noun
It’s a cold day today.
Do you like Belarusian food?
She doesn’t speak any foreign language.
Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain.
Прилагательные в английском языке не изменяются по родам, числам и падежам, т.е. окончание всегда одно и то же.
a sharp knife – sharp knives
Прилагательные изменяются только по степеням сравнения: положительная, сравнительная и превосходная. В зависимости от количества слогов в слове сравнительная и превосходная степени образуются либо при помощи окончаний -er, -est (для односложных и двухсложных слов), либо при помощи слов more, the most (для многосложных слов).
Eg. old – older – the oldest
nice – nicer – the nicest
hot – hotter – the hottest
narrow – narrower – the narrowest
happy – happier – the happiest
simple – simpler – the simplest
Многосложные и большинство двухсложных:
Eg. difficult – more difficult – the most difficult
careful – more careful – the most careful
interesting – more interesting – the most interesting
useful – more useful – the most useful
Для указания уменьшения качества используются слова less – меньше, the least – наименее.
Eg. difficult – less difficult – the least difficult
interesting – less interesting – the least interesting
Исключения:
good/well – better – the best
bad – worse – the worst
far – further (or farther) – the furthest
little – less – the least
many (much) – more – the most
VIII. Adverbs (наречия)
Наречие образуется путем прибавления -ly к прилагательному.
quick – quickly
bad – badly
sudden – suddenly
slow – slowly
careful – carefully
easy – easily
Исключение: good - well
Слова: hard, fast, late, early имеют одну форму для наречия и прилагательного.
Sue’s job is very hard – Работа Sue очень трудная.
Sue works very hard – Sue работает усердно.
После слов look, feel, smell, taste, sound употребляется прилагательное.
You look nice. – Ты выглядишь прекрасно.
IX. Tenses Active Voice
Simple – действие происходит, происходило и будет происходить регулярно или однократно в известное время.
Present Simple – с помощью do (not)/does (not)=don’t/doesn’t образуется вопросительная и отрицательная форма.
always, often, never, usually, sometimes, every (day) – указатели времени
Eg. Belarus occupies the territory of 207,6 thousand square kilometers.
We start life as one cell.
Past Simple – с помощью did (not) образуется вопросительная и отрицательная форма.
(before) yesterday, last, ago – указатели времени
Утвердительная форма – Infinitive + ed – для правильных глаголов
II форма глагола – для неправильных глаголов
Eg. June 22, 1941 became a tragic landmark in the history of Belarusian people.
The war did great damage to the University.
Future Simple – will (not) + to Infinitive.
(after) tomorrow, next, in (через) – указатели времени
Note: В сложных предложениях после when, if, as soon as, after, before, while, till/until употребляется Present Simple
Eg. Tomorrow we will have a rest.
I will phone you as soon as I come home.
Continuous – действие все еще есть, было или будет в процессе в известное время.
Present Continuous – am/is/are (not) + Participle I
Participle I (PI) = Infinitive + -ing
Eg. Break-breaking, look-looking etc.
(just) now, at a given moment, still – указатели времени
Eg. We are studying (now)
Это время употребляется также для запланированных действий в будущем.
Eg. What are you doing tomorrow?
I am going to the theatre.
Past Continuous – was/were (not) + PI
Yerterday at a given moment
Eg. At 3 o’clock she was working.
While she was watching TV he was washing the car.
Future Continuous – will (not) be + PI
Tomorrow at a given moment
Eg. They will (not) be playing from 5 till 7.
While he is studying she will be working.
Note: like, love, want, know, understand, remember, depend, prefer, hate, need, mean, believe, forget, are not used in Continuous Tenses.
Perfect – действие закончилось или закончится go известного момента.
Present Perfect – have/has (not) been + Participle II (действие произошло неизвестно когда и на данный момент закончилось).
P II = “-ed” or the 3-d form |
ever, never, just, already, (not) yet, recently, lately – указатели времени; today, this week/month – если описываемый период времени еще не закончился
Eg. Have you seen this film?
This week we have done a lot of work.
Past Perfect – had (not) + P II
Действие закончилось до известного момента в прошлом. Также первое (по хронологии) из двух и более прошедших действий.
Eg. By 5 o’clock we had finished our work.
When I came she had already cooked dinner.
Future Perfect – will (not) have + P II
by tomorrow, by 2 o’clock, by Sunday
действие закончится до известного момента в будущем
Eg. We will have done this work by Friday.
When you come she will have cooked dinner.
Perfect Continuous – показывает, как долго действие происходит, происходило и будет происходить в известный момент времени.
Present Perfect Continuous – have/has been + P I
показывает, сколько именно (т.е. какой период времени) действие происходит в данный момент.
Eg. How long have you been living in Minsk?
I have been living here for five years.
Past Perfect Continuous – had been + P I
показывает, сколько именно продолжалось действие в известный момент в прошлом.
Eg. When he came they had been playing cards for 2 hours.