Questions:

1. What structures are not found in animal cells?

2. What is cellulose?

3. How are water-conducting cells (Xylem) strengthened?

4. Where can one find the cell sap?

5. What does the color of the flower depend upon?

6. What are chloroplasts?

7. What shapes do the plant cells have?

8. What is the shape of the root cells?

II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4, 5.

III. Put questions to the underlined words.

1. The most important part of a cell is its nucleus.

2. The chromosomes consist of chains of DNA.

3. Millions of years ago the elephant order was very large.

4. The nucleic acids are organized into chromosomes.

5. There are three types of feathers.

6. Many species of protozoa live as parasites within the bodies of other animals.

IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.

1. There (to be) 15 000 different species of protozoa.

2. The nucleus (to control) the shape, size and functions of the cells.

3. The layer between two neighbouring cell walls (to call) the middle lamella and (to make) of calcium pectate.

4. If you (to cut) a Hydra in two, each half (to build) up the part it (to lack).

5. Aristotle (to give) a fairly account of the dolphin's anatomy many years ago.

6. Most tulip varieties (to originate) in Central Asia, and (to bring) to Europe from Turkey in the 16th century.

V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.

1. The most important genus to man is Brassica, which includes the cabbage, cauliflower, turnip and brussel sprout.

2. Both birch and willow grow in climates much further north than other dicot trees - often in even harsher conditions than the hardy pine.

3. Today much rice is grown on drier ground, especially in America and Europe.

VI. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the modal verbs.

1. Water may also penetrate the aggregates and be held to the clay particles by chemical forces.

2. The crumb structure of a clay soil can be improved by growing grass on it for a year or two.

3. A biologist is to know thoroughly the stages of matter and the physical laws which govern the behavior of matter in various states.

4. Do the students have to make a great number of experiments to acquire good knowledge in biology?

5. Water may pass through in a few minutes, a meal of carbohydrate such as porridge may be retained less than an hour, and a mixed meal containing protein and fat may be in the stomach for one or two hours.

VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.

1. Plants differ from the more highly evolved animals in that hormones are secreted by unspecialized tissues.

2. One can improve the structure of the soil by proper treatment.

3. Give me a book on zoology, please. Which one? The one which is lying near the thermometer.

4. It was not easy to measure the rate of photosynthesis.

5. You know that experiment has been conducted at our laboratory and you also know what has been established in it.

VIII. Put in some, any, something, anything, nothing, nobody, anybody translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I know ... about hereditary diseases.

2. There are ... protozoa that have no organs of locomotion (sporozoa).

3. Is ... doing any experiments in biochemistry?

4. We knew ... about crossing-over twenty-five years ago.

5. Can you name ... types of food and their functions?

IX. Make plural forms of the following nouns.

1. One bacterium - two ...

2. One wolf-two ...

3. One mouse - two ...

4. One insect-two ...

Variant 3

I. Read the text and answer the questions in written form.

Algae: the simplest green plants

1. The main difference between green plants and other living things is their ability to make food - complex starch and sugar molecules from simple carbon dioxide and water. They do this by the process of photosynthesis which requires the presence of chlorophyll, the material that produces the color in all green plants.

2. Algae are the simplest organisms in the plant kingdom that possess chlorophyll and can make their own food. Algae vary in size: they may consist of a single cell, or a row of cells joined together to form a filament. The largest algae consist of a plant body called a thallus, which is made of many cells and gives the plant a ribbon-like appearance. AIgae live in both fresh and salt water and may swim, float or fasten themselves to a firm surface. Some of them live in the soil and a few are parasites on animals and plants. All algae possess chlorophyll, but their green color may be masked by other pigments. This provides a way of classifying them according to color, for instance green algae (Chlorophyceae), brown algae (Phaeophyceae).

3. Algae reproduce in various ways. Sexual reproduction may occur, resulting in the formation of a new individual by the fusion of two sex cells. Sometimes asexual reproduction takes place, in which spores are produced, or a single-celled alga splits into two. Vegetative reproduction occurs when a filament or thallus breaks into two parts to form new plant bodies.

4. Diatoms are single-celled algae (Bacillariophyceae) that live in fresh and salt water. They grow in enormous numbers, and make up a great part of the floating community of organisms called plankton which is found in all seas and is the food supply for many aquatic animals.