- •Unit I
- •About myself
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •My Working Day
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •My Day Off and My Hobbies
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading material text a
- •The Cell
- •If we examine a thin piece of a plant under a microscope we shall see
- •Cells: the Smallest Units of Life, their Structure
- •Crammar exercises
- •Unit II
- •The Belarusian State University
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Make sentences using the following words and expressions.
- •II. Complete the following sentences.
- •The Biology Faculty
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Make up sentences using the following words and expressions.
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •II. Mind the pronunciation of the following words:
- •III. Mark the following statements as true or false:
- •Species
- •Grammar execises
- •Unit III
- •Belarus
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •Minsk-the Capital of the Republic of Belarus
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •Reproduction and Growth
- •Bacteria: their Construction
- •Crammar exercises practice modals
- •Practice substitute words
- •Unit IV
- •The United Kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •I. Make sentences
- •II. Complete the sentences using the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •My Future Profession
- •Botanist
- •Ecologist
- •Biochemist
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading material
- •Algae: the Simplest Green Plants
- •Crammar exercises practice participle
- •Practice infinitive
- •Practice gerund
- •Unit V
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4, 5.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •VI. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the modal verbs.
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •VI. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the meanings of the verbs.
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •VIII. Put in some, any, something, anything, nothing, nobody and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4, 6.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •Questions:
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •Questions:
- •Исключения
- •Pronouns and Substitute words
- •(Местоимение и словазаменители)
- •The word One
- •Слово One
- •Слово-заместитель that (those)
- •Слово-заместитель this (these)
- •II. Articles
- •III. Numbers (Числительное)
- •IV. Pronouns (местоимения)
- •V. Оборот there is (there are)
- •IV. Безличное it
- •VII. Adjectives (прилагательное)
- •VIII. Adverbs (наречия)
- •IX. Tenses Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •X. Modal Verbs (модальные глаголы)
- •Основные значения модальных глаголов
- •XI. Participle
- •Функции причастия
- •I. Определениe (Attribute (какой?, какая?)
- •Models:
- •2. Participle II
- •II. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier (как?, почему?, когда?)
- •1. Participle I (Active and Passive)
- •2. Participle II
- •3. Perfect Participle
- •Причастные обороты
- •1. Сложное дополнение (Complex Object)
- •2. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
- •3. Независимый причастный оборот (Absolute Participial Construction)
- •XII. Gerund
- •Функции герундия
- •1. Подлежащее (Subject)
- •Часть составного именного сказуемого (Part of a Compound Nominal Predicate)
- •Часть составного глагольного сказуемого (Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate)
- •4. Прямое дополнение (Direct Object)
- •5. Косвенное дополнение (Indirect Object)
- •6. Определение (Attribute) Герундий в данной функции употребляется после следующих абстрактных существительных с предлогами:
- •7. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier)
- •Герундиальные обороты (gerundial constructions)
- •Употребление инфинитива без частицы to
- •Функции инфинитива
- •1. Подлежащее (Subject)
- •2. Часть сказуемого (Part of the Predicate)
- •3. Дополнение (Object)
- •4. Определение (Attribute)
- •5. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier of):
- •Инфинитивные обороты (infinitive constructions)
- •1. Сложное Дополнение (Complex Object)
- •2. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
- •3. Инфинитивный оборот
- •(The For-To-Infinitive Construction)
Слово-заместитель that (those)
Слово-заместитель that (those) заменяет ранее стоящее существительное и переводится тем существительным, которое оно замещает, или опускается.
Model:
The atomic weight of oxygen is greater than that of carbon. |
Атомный вес водорода больше (атомного веса) углерода. |
Слово-заместитель this (these)
Слово-заместитель ранее стоящего существительного this (these) переводится личным местоимением в именительном или косвенном падеже.
Model:
Also, the Schiff-Sherrington phenomenon is of interest; this involves the increase of. . . |
Представляет также интерес явление Шиффа-Шерринтона; с нuм связано увеличение. . . |
Примечание 1. После слова-заместителя this (these) никогда не употребляется существительное.
Примечание 2. Иногда слово-заместитель this (these) удобно переводить (этот) последний, (эти) nоследние.
Model:
Gas molecules move faster than liquid molecules. They are more agitated than these. |
Молекулы газа двигаются быстрее, чем молекулы жидкости. Они находятся в более возбужденном состоянии, чем эти поcледние. |
II. Articles
Неопределенные: а – перед согласными, an - перед гласными.
Показывает, что предмет – один из многих, какой-то, любой, один. |
e.g. This is a pen. – Это ручка (на свете много ручек, и это одна из них).
Во множественном числе неопределенные артикли не употребляются, т.к. произошли от числительного one.
Определенный: the.
Показывает, что предмет, о котором идет речь, известен и говорящему и слушающему или ранее упоминался в данной речи. Можно перевести: этот, тот, тот самый, который.
e.g. It is a pen. The pen is good. It is on the table.
Артикль the употребляется как в единственном, так и во множественном числе. Не употребляется перед именами собственными и местоимениями (либо артикль, либо местоимение).
e.g. Take my book.
Minsk.
Мы употребляем the: the sun, the moon, the world, the sky, the sea, the country, the police, the fire brigade, the army, the top, the end, the left, the radio, (play) the piano/the guitar/the trumpet but play football/hockey/tennis etc.
Мы не употребляем the: television, breakfast, lunch, dinner, next/last week (month) etc.
Артикль а не употребляется с неисчисляемыми существительными: water, air, rice, salt, plastic, money, music, tennis, bread, chocolate, honey, wood, tea, information, advice, weather, news, bread, fish, hair, furniture, work etc.
Мы говорим: some money, the money, my money, a glass of water, a bottle of milk, a piece of music, a game of tennis, a cup of coffee.
I need some information about hotels in London.
It’s nice weather today.
Listen! I’ve just had some good news.
She has got very long hair.
“Do you like your job?” “Yes, but it’s hard work”.
III. Numbers (Числительное)
Cardinal numbers (количественные числительные)
456 = four hundred and fifty six
7083 = seven thousand and eighty-three
2330000 = two million, three hundred and thirty thousand.
4000000000 = four billion
3750 = three thousand seven hundred and fifty
240000 = two hundred and forty thousand
Note: There’s no plural “s” after hundred, thousand, million and billion.
But: thousands of people, millions of insects.
Ordinal numbers and dates (порядковые числительные и даты)
We write them and say them in a different way:
We write 4 January (or 4th January), but say the fourth of January or January the fourth.
We write 21 May (or 21st May), but say the twenty first of May or May the twenty first.
1983= nineteen eighty three
2005= twenty hundred and five or twenty oh five
Fractions and decimals (Дроби и десятичные дроби)
1¼ = one and a quarter
1½ = one and a half
1¾ = one and three quarters
1⅓ = one and a third
1,25 = one point two five
1,5 = one point five
1,75 = one point seven five
1,33 = one point three three
0,4 = point four/ nought point four
Percentages
26% = twenty-six per cent
More than 50% is the majority; less than 50% is the minority
Arithmetic
There are four basic processes for working out (= calculating) a problem:
+ = addition e.g. 6+4=10 (six plus/ and four equals/ is ten)
- = subtraction e.g. 6-4=2 (six minus four equals/ is two)
х = multiplication e.g. 6х4=24 (six times/ multiplied by four equals/ is twenty- four)
= division e.g. 4:2=2 (four divided by two equals/ is two)
Saying ‘O’
telephone number: 603724 = six oh three seven two four
mathematics: 0,7 = nought point seven/ point seven
6,02 = six point oh two
temperature: -10o = ten degrees below zero minus ten degrees
football: 2-0 = two nil
tennis: 40-0 = forty love
Numbers
Odd numbers – 3, 5, 7 etc.
Even numbers – 4, 6, 8 etc.