- •Unit I
- •About myself
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •My Working Day
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •My Day Off and My Hobbies
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Reading material text a
- •The Cell
- •If we examine a thin piece of a plant under a microscope we shall see
- •Cells: the Smallest Units of Life, their Structure
- •Crammar exercises
- •Unit II
- •The Belarusian State University
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Make sentences using the following words and expressions.
- •II. Complete the following sentences.
- •The Biology Faculty
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Make up sentences using the following words and expressions.
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •II. Mind the pronunciation of the following words:
- •III. Mark the following statements as true or false:
- •Species
- •Grammar execises
- •Unit III
- •Belarus
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •Minsk-the Capital of the Republic of Belarus
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •Reproduction and Growth
- •Bacteria: their Construction
- •Crammar exercises practice modals
- •Practice substitute words
- •Unit IV
- •The United Kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •I. Make sentences
- •II. Complete the sentences using the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Self check
- •My Future Profession
- •Botanist
- •Ecologist
- •Biochemist
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading material
- •Algae: the Simplest Green Plants
- •Crammar exercises practice participle
- •Practice infinitive
- •Practice gerund
- •Unit V
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4, 5.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •VI. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the modal verbs.
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •VI. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the meanings of the verbs.
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •VIII. Put in some, any, something, anything, nothing, nobody and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Questions:
- •II. Rewrite and translate in writing paragraphs 2, 4, 6.
- •III. Put questions to the underlined words.
- •IV. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and voice. Translate the sentences into Russian in writing.
- •V. Translate the following sentences into Russian in writing, pay attention to different forms of adjectives.
- •Questions:
- •VII. Rewrite and translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to different meanings of the words.
- •Questions:
- •Исключения
- •Pronouns and Substitute words
- •(Местоимение и словазаменители)
- •The word One
- •Слово One
- •Слово-заместитель that (those)
- •Слово-заместитель this (these)
- •II. Articles
- •III. Numbers (Числительное)
- •IV. Pronouns (местоимения)
- •V. Оборот there is (there are)
- •IV. Безличное it
- •VII. Adjectives (прилагательное)
- •VIII. Adverbs (наречия)
- •IX. Tenses Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •X. Modal Verbs (модальные глаголы)
- •Основные значения модальных глаголов
- •XI. Participle
- •Функции причастия
- •I. Определениe (Attribute (какой?, какая?)
- •Models:
- •2. Participle II
- •II. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier (как?, почему?, когда?)
- •1. Participle I (Active and Passive)
- •2. Participle II
- •3. Perfect Participle
- •Причастные обороты
- •1. Сложное дополнение (Complex Object)
- •2. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
- •3. Независимый причастный оборот (Absolute Participial Construction)
- •XII. Gerund
- •Функции герундия
- •1. Подлежащее (Subject)
- •Часть составного именного сказуемого (Part of a Compound Nominal Predicate)
- •Часть составного глагольного сказуемого (Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate)
- •4. Прямое дополнение (Direct Object)
- •5. Косвенное дополнение (Indirect Object)
- •6. Определение (Attribute) Герундий в данной функции употребляется после следующих абстрактных существительных с предлогами:
- •7. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier)
- •Герундиальные обороты (gerundial constructions)
- •Употребление инфинитива без частицы to
- •Функции инфинитива
- •1. Подлежащее (Subject)
- •2. Часть сказуемого (Part of the Predicate)
- •3. Дополнение (Object)
- •4. Определение (Attribute)
- •5. Обстоятельство (Adverbial Modifier of):
- •Инфинитивные обороты (infinitive constructions)
- •1. Сложное Дополнение (Complex Object)
- •2. Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
- •3. Инфинитивный оборот
- •(The For-To-Infinitive Construction)
Crammar exercises practice modals
Ex. 1. Supply the necessary modal verbs.
I was very tired last night but I (не мог спать).
I had forgotten to bring my camera so I (не смог сделать) any photographs.
It was a great party last night you (следовало прийти).
Tom is not at work today. He (возможно болен).
You (не надо было спрашивать) him about it.
It’s a fantastic film. You (должен посмотреть) it.
I think you (следует купить) this dress.
Peter (должен был заплатить) a parking fine yesterday.
That restaurant (не может быть) very good. It’s always empty.
This is a valuable book. You (не должен потерять) it.
You have been travelling all day. You (должно быть) very tired.
I’d like to read Ann’s letter. The only problem is I (не могу найти) my glasses.
You (не должен помогать) him with his homework. It’s important that he does it himself.
I just want a general idea of the story so I (не нужно читать) all the book.
Why did you wash that suit? It was not dirty, you (не надо было стирать) it.
I don’t think you (следует смотреть) TV so much.
We (пришлось идти пешком) home last night. There were no buses.
I don’t want the children play in this room. They (могут разбить) something.
I am sorry that I didn’t take your advice I (следовало отправить) this letter a week ago.
Our teacher says that we (сможем говорить) English fluently in a few months.
Paul doesn’t like his new job. Sometimes he (вынужден) work at weekends.
This restaurant (должно быть) very good. It’s always full of people.
Ex. 2. Translate into Russian.
Water has to be thoroughly analysed during the epidemics.
Account has to be taken of the elastic properties of the body.
The lamprey must have existed at an early period.
Attention was to be paid to the climatic conditions.
This species cannot have emigrated from the North by two different routes.
Care is to be taken not to use methods of growing tissues on the surface of agar.
We know that previous to mutation there must have been a normal gene in place of the mutant gene.
The majority of the plant names have been taken straight from the chemical literature and taxonomists are bound to find some difficulty in interpretation.
Most species comprised in group 3 may have a very complicated origin.
It is to be regretted that the deserved attention was not given to their results.
It is to be emphasized that some acids are found in very few species.
It is to be noted that the aim was to be demonstrated the production of cells.
Ex. 3. Choose and use the appropriate modal verb from given in brackets.
These cells (need, can must, to have to be easily found in the roots as well as in the stem of that plant.
This plant (must, can, should) grow under such conditions rather well.
The roots of this plant (must, can, may, need) be used for human food.
Every student (may, can, should) know the difference between the leaves of oak and birch.
Such plants (need, must, should) have been cultivated by man long ago.
When water (must, may, to be (to), need) to be used for drinking it is necessary that microbes which it (to be (to), to have (to), may) contain (should, must, may) be killed.
You will (may, to have (to), to be (to), must) to study the characteristics of both plants as there (may, to be (to), must, can) be a considerable difference between them.
One (can, ought to, may, to have (to), should, must) to remember that this reaction is often followed by an explosion.
Ex. 4. Translate the sentences paying attention to Modals.
A great series of chemical changes has to occur before food becomes protoplasm.
These plant parts may have been found on and below the soil surface.
This list could be extended a long way.
Living protoplasm must always be thought of as a system in dynamic equilibrium.
Different techniques have to be used with microorganisms.
Hybrids may show characteristics of both parents.
The development of this disease must have been considerable favoured by high moisture conditions.