32

MijZ`g_gb_

JZkklZ\vl_ gZijhlb\ dZ`^h]h gZ[ex^_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ oZjZdl_jheh]bq_kdb_ i_jkhgZ`b² lbiZ`b ba kibkdZ b \hafh`gu_ ijh_dlgu_ kljZl_]bb

gZ[ex^_gby

²h[t_dl ^_j`bl gZebqgu_ ^_gv]b \hjhohf \ dZjfZg_©[_a kq_lZ²mq_lZª

² q_eh\_d ba[_]Z_l gZebqguo ^_g_] \hh[s_ ij_^ihqblZy \hablv k kh[hc ^_`mjgmx ly`_emx [Zgdghlm©gZ \kydbc kemqZcª

² ©^hjh]hc ehiZlgbdª\ dhlhjhf [Zgdghlu jZaeh`_gu©ih fZklyfªf_edb_² \ h^ghf dZjfZrd_ djmigu_²\ ^jm]hf

kibkhd lbiZ`_c

²dhff_jkZgl ²ij_^ijbgbfZl_ev ²bggh\Zlhj

ijh_dlgu_ kljZl_]bb

²^himklblv d mijZ\e_gbx nbgZgkZfb ²h]jZgbqblv ^himkd ²hl\_klb hl nbgZgkh\hc qZklb ijh_dlZ iheghklvx

©a_e_gZyªgZebqghklv

;ZdkZf ² hl^_evgh_ \gbfZgb_ Bo gZebqb_ \ dZjfZg_ ^Z`_ lh]^Z dh]^Z hgb h[t_dlb\gh g_gm`gu hkh[_ggh djmiguo kmff ² wlh y\guc ijbagZd ©aZ\_jgmlhc gZ ^_gv]bª ebqghklb Ijb\_^_f ijbf_j h^gh]h i_jkhgZ`Z dhlhjuc ^_fhgkljZlb\gh mdeZ^u\Ze dmixju lZdbf h[jZahf qlh[u hgb ijhk\_qb\Zeb kd\hav fZl_jbx gZ]jm^gh]h dZjfZgZ Ijhklh_ gZ[ex^_gb_ ihjh^beh ih^haj_gb_ qlh dh]^Z ^hc^_l ^h ^_eZ f_ehqgh_ iha_jkl\h ijhy\blky [he__ ]jhagh Ih oh^m ^_eZ ijh_dlgZy kljZl_]by [ueZ k[ZeZgkbjh\ZgZ ih^ bg^b\b^mZevghklv iZjlg_jZ G_dhlhju_ fhf_glu ijhibkZggh]h j_p_ilZ klZeb \u]ey^_lv lZd

²e_]dh_ klbfmebjh\Zgb_ a_e_guf gZehf i_j_^ gZqZehf jZ[hl

dZgZe ²ihjmq_gb_ \_^_gby \k_o ijboh^h\ kj_^kl\²^_gv]b ihreb q_j_a iZjlg_jkdbc ²^_e_` kh\f_klgh]h ^hoh^Z \ug_keb ba ahgu _]h ^hky]Z_fhklb DZd \u ^mfZ_l_

kdhevdh hg ihl_jye"

ijhp_^mju

n_lbrbaZpby ebqghklb fh`_l ijhy\blvky \ \_kvfZ oZjZdl_jguo ijhp_^mjZo h[jZs_gby k `b\ufb ^_gv]Zfb Ihkfhljbl_ dZd h[t_dl hlghkblky d \g_rg_fm \b^m [Zgdgh]" I_j_kqblu\Z_l eb kZf b ijhkbl eb i_j_kqblZlv \Zk"DZd ^_j`bl ^_gv]b dZd ijbdZkZ_lky d gbf" Ihkfhljbl_ gZ jblmZe ^hklZ\Zgby i_j_kq_lZ hkfhljZ ^_g_]

Ki_pbnbq_kdZy ex[h\v d gZebqguf lml `_ fh`_l [ulv hnhjfe_gZ \ ijh_dlghc kljZl_]bb LZdhfm i_jkhgZ`m gb d q_fm h[_sZgby ahehluo ]hj >Zcl_ gZebqgufb kjZam gh g_fgh]h Wlh]h [m^_l ^hklZlhqgh gZ \_kv ijh_dlguc wlZi <ihke_^kl\bb `^Zlv ^_g_] lZdhc lbi fh`_l g_h]jZgbq_ggh ^he]h Fh`gh lhfm ijb\_klb kebrdhf fgh]h

hieZlZ gZebqgufb

DZd h[t_dl ieZlbl gZebqgufb"Lhj]m_lky eb k hnbpbZglhf lZdkbklhf"Ijh\_jy_l eb kq_lZ beb ijhklh \udb^u\Z_l bo g_ ]ey^y" IjbgbfZ_l eb mkbeby g_gZ\yaqb\h ijh^_fhgk]jbjh\Zlv \Zf gZebqghklv kdZ`_f©ij_^klZ\bl_evkdb_ kmffuª "

GZkdhevdh q_eh\_d ij_^klZ\ey_l kdhevdh m g_]h \ dZjfZg_" I_j_kqblu\Z_l eb k^Zqm" DZd \uibku\Z_l ieZl_`db" Ijh\_jy_l eb aZiheg_gb_" Ebqgh ih^ibku\Z_l beb hl^Z_l dhfm lh ^jm]hfm"DZd i_j_kqblu\Z_l ^_gv]b"Kdhevdh jZa"

dhgljhev

Kdb^u\Zy kh kq_lh\ \hafh`gu_ ihlm]b iZ fZgbimeypbx \Zfb hlf_lbf qlh \ kblmZpbb keZ[h]h dhgljhey gZebqghklb fh`gh ij_^iheh`blv k_jv_agu_ bg\_klbpbhggu_ ^_n_dlu \ khagZgbb h[t_dlZ ?keb \u _s_ g_ h[ km`^Zeb b^_x p_gu khljm^gbq_kl\Z²fh`_l_ ihijh[h\Zlv qlh lh Z]j_kkb\gh_ gZijZ\e_ggh_ \ \Zrm klhjhgm kdZ`_f dZdmx gb[m^v ijZ\^hih^h[gmx nbdpbx lbiZ ©\Zr_]h fbgbfZevgh]h ijhoh^gh]h p_gaZª GZ\jy^ eb h[t_dl [m^_l mihjkl\h\Zlv b kdjmime_agh \ukqblu\Zlv \Zr_ mqZklb_ < h^ghf ^_e_ ijhklh gZ[ex^Zy i_j_kq_l ^_g_] fu \h\j_fy baf_gbeb k\hc ih^oh^ d h[t_dlm LZd kqblZlv ^_gv]b dZd hg wlh ^_eZe fh] lhevdh q_eh\_d©mf_xsbc kqblZlv b ijhkqblu\ZlvªFu hldZaZebkv hl g_ehyevguo gZf_j_gbc b gb jZam ihlhf g_ ih`Ze_eb h[ mims_gghc \hafh`ghklb DklZlb d h[hx^ghfm m^h\e_l\hj_gbx IZjlg_jm dZd \uykgbehkv g_ ijbrehkv aZimkdZlv \ oh^ ijbiZk_ggmx ©gZ \kydbc kemqZcªly`_emx Zjlbee_jbx

jZklhqbl_evghklv

Kdhevdh h[t_dl ^Z_l qZ_\uo b dZd"Ih^Z_l eb gbsbf ihijhrZcdZf b ^_lyf"Wlh dZd jZa l_ fZehijbf_lgu_ f_ehqb ba dhlhjuo ih [hevr_c qZklb b khklhbl q_eh\_d GZijbf_j qlh fh`gh kdZaZlv h q_eh\_d_ dhlhjuc ijb]eZkb\ \Zk aZ k\hc kq_l \ ©9,3aZeª ij_klb`gh]h [ZjZ©>heekª ©\dexqZ_l ^mjmªdZd lhevdh kljbi_jrZ iulZ_lky \ufZgblv m g_]h khldm ^jm]mx [Zdkh\"fu [u _s_ ^h[Z\beb d \Zrbf \u\h^Zf qlh wlhl q_eh\_d hq_gv kbevgh gZf_j_g imklblv \Zf iuev \ ]eZaZ < wlhf j_klhjZg_ hg \i_j\u_

DZdb_ \u\h^u ^he`gu \u k^_eZlv dh]^Z h[t_dl mkljZb\Z_l kdZg^Ze \ ]hklbgbp_ ba aZ g_\bgghc ijbibkdb kq_lZ beb iulZ_lky ihcfZlv lZdkbklZ gZ lhf qlh hg gZijZkgh i_ley_l ih ]hjh^m" DklZlb ih_a^dZ \ lZdkb k fZehagZdhfuf iZjlg_jhf \_kvfZ ihdZaZl_evgu Fh`gh m\b^_lv \k_ g_h[oh^bfh_ kemrZy dZd iZjlg_j ih^^_j`b\Z_l [_k_^m gZ[ex^Zy fZg_ju _]h \ha^_ckl\by b hkh[_ggh dhgph\dm dhglZdlZ ² i_j_^Zqm ^_g_] beb hldZa hl hieZlu LZdb_ wdkp_kku \_kvfZ ohjhrb ^ey jZa]h\hjZ©\ ]hjyqmxªkjZam `_ ihke_ dhglZdlZ k lj_lvbf ebphf H[t_dl ^hklmi_g b jZkdjul g_ lhevdh ^ey jZa]h\hjZ ijh ^_g_`db <_kvfZ ihdZaZl_evgh ijbhldju\Z_lky _]h dhgnebdlgh_ ih\_^_gb_ ijbq_f gZ ^hklZlhqgh agZqbfhc nZdlmj_ Ihevamcl_kv fhf_glhf

Ijh\_jdZ djbfbgZevghc gZdehgghklb ebqghklb

Wlhl fhf_gl g_ljm^gh ijhsmiZlv \ gZqZe_ dhglZdlZ ihke_ lh]h dZd f_`^m \Zfb keh`blky g_h[oh^bfuc mjh\_gv ^h\_jby JZau]jZcl_ nbrdm jZa]h\hjZ©l_l Z l_lªgZ l_fm ^_g_] b hq_gv fh`_l klZlvky qlh \Zf ij_^eh`Zl qlh lh ibdZglgh_ <Zk \_^v kqblZxl \k_]h gZ\k_]h ^h\_j_gguf ebphf k\h_]h ohaybgZ dhlhjh_ ijbgpbibZevgh kem`bl lhfm dlh [hevr_ ^Zkl AZlZsblv \Zk \ k\hc eZ]_jv ihkmeb\©ebqgmx ^hevdmª ²kZfZy jZkijhkljZg_ggZy djbfbgZevgZy kljZl_]by Wlh h[s_ba\_klgh Wlh b kem`bl \Zf gZ jmdm GZ lZdhf ijhkl_gvdhf ijb_fqbd_ jZkdhehehkv \_ebdh_ fgh`_kl\h g_ihjy^hqgh]h gZjh^m

IjbgylZy kl_i_gv jbkdZ

< jZa\blbb g_nhjfZevgh]h dhglZdlZ \u i_j_oh^bl_ d jZa\_^d_ jbkdh\hklb iZjlg_jZ >_gv]b²^_eh k_jv_agh_ AZ gbo klj_eyxl²qblZcl_ m]heh\gmx ojhgbdm Hp_gblv kl_i_gv jbkdh\hklb b ebqghc©hl\yaZgghklbª ²[_kkljZrby \Zr_]h iZjlg_jZ fh`gh ijhkluf khhlg_k_gb_f kmff ijh\h^bfuo bf hi_jZpbc gZ _]h ebqgh_ khklhygb_ Q_f kbevg__ ij_\urZxl \hafh`gu_ kZgdpbb bf_xsbcky \ jZkihjy`_gbb iZjlg_jZ©hl\_lª\ nhjf_ _]h kh[kl\_gguo beb ihl_gpbZevgh ^hklmiguo kj_^kl\ l_f \ur_ jbkdh\u_ dZq_kl\Z iZjlg_jZ AZ bkdexq_gb_f kemqZ_\ iZlheh]bb beb jy^h\hc mfkl\_gghc h]jZgbq_gghklb ijb dhlhjuo q_eh\_d g_ hl^Z_l k_[_ hlq_lZ \ lhf qlh l\hjbl G_ k_dj_l qlh fgh]b_ jbkdmxl [_a j_Zevgh]h ij_^klZ\e_gby ihke_^kl\bc JZa\_^dZ wlh]h fhf_glZ fh`_l [ulv ijh\_^_gZ b lZdbf ijb_fhf ij_^eZ]Zcl_

\u[hj jbkdh\uo hi_jZpbc \ ^bZiZahg_©kZgdpbb ijb[uevghklbªGZ dZdmx lhqdm iZ^_l \u[hj iZjlg_jZ ² lh b [m^_l ijbf_jgh khhl\_lkl\h\Zlv klhbfhklb _]h ^_eZ b ebqgh]h bfms_kl\Z IhijZ\dZ fh`_l [ulv \g_k_gZ ihke_ mlhqg_gby jbkd kljZl_]bb iZjlg_jZ bgufb kihkh[Zfb G_l eb \ b]j_ we_f_glh\©ijbah\h]h jbkdZªijb dhlhjhf gZ dZjlm klZ\blky g_h[_ki_q_ggu_ aZeh]hf \ub]jurb"

<uy\e_gb_ hlghr_gby d ijh_dlm

Ohlbl_ ijhsmiZlv j_Zevgh_ hlghr_gb_ iZjlg_jZ d kh\f_klghfm ^_em" >_ckl\bl_evgh eb hg \_jbl \ mki_o b ]hlh\ eb ^h[jhdZq_kl\_ggh \ueh`blvky \ jZ[hl_" Ihke_ lh]h dZd \u ihqlb \k_ ijh]h\hjbeb b ^h \k_]h ^h]h\hjbebkv gZ keh\Zo dh]^Z ijh_dl gZoh^blky \ klZjlh\hc ]hlh\ghklb ihijh[mcl_ ijh\_jblv gZ ^_gv]Zo j_Zevgmx hp_gdm iZjlg_jhf©\b^h\ gZ mjh`Zcª Ij_^iheZ]Zy qlh k_c fhf_gl IjZdlbdmf qblZxl ij_^ijbgbfZl_eb g_ kZfh]h djmigh]h dZeb[jZ ij_^eZ]Z_f \Zf ijhklh ihijhkblv \aZcfu m \Zr_]h iZjlg_jZ ih^ ihklmie_gby hl ijh_dlZ g_dmx ^hklZlhqgh k_jv_agmx kmffm <hl lml lh \u b m\b^bl_ bklbggh_ ebph J_Zevghklb ?keb [_a jZa]h\hjh\ \Zf ]hlh\u ij_^hklZ\blv kmffm²\k_ \ ghjf_ _keb `_ g_l² \k_ ajy²g_ iZjlg_j m \Zk beb kh\k_f g_ lhl iZjlg_j dZdbf \u _]h k_[_ ij_^klZ\ey_l_

Bf_ggh ihwlhfm hiulgu_ bg\_klhju lj_[mxl hl iZjlg_jZ \deZ^Z \ h[s__ ^_eh `b\ufb ^_gv]Zfb Wlh h^gh\j_f_ggh b ihdZau\Z_l aj_ehklv iZjlg_jZ b ih^kljZoh\u\Z_l bg\_klhjZ ijhdZeu\Zy g_khklhyl_evghklv iZjlg_jZ gZ _]h ebqguo fhlb\Zo b mklZgh\dZo

J L?OGH MIJ:<E?GB? I:JLG?JHF

IKBOHH;HKGH<:GB?

Dh]^Z ^_g_`gh_ klbfmebjh\Zgb_ h[t_dlZ hijZ\^Zggh" HlijZ\gufb lhqdZfb ijbf_gbfhklb y\eyxlky

‡mklZgh\e_ggZy ^_g_`gZy Zdp_glmZpby h[t_dlZ

Q_f `Z^g__ q_eh\_d ² l_f [he__ rZgkh\ gZ mki_o G_kdhevdh iZjZ^hdkZevguo aZf_qZgbc hoeZ^bl iue

²_keb \u ij_^eh`bl_ [hevr_ q_f gZ^h²fh`_l_ ihemqblv©wnn_dl `Z[uª ² q_eh\_d \f_klh jZ[hlu [m^_l l_jaZlvky khfg_gbyfb kdhevdh `_ hg \ ijbgpbi_ fh] [u kh^jZlv k lZdh]h s_^jh]h iZjlg_jZ dZd \u @Z[Z dZd ba\_klgh ^Z\bl b ^mrbl gh gbdZd g_ kihkh[kl\my ijh^mdlb\ghc ^_yl_evghklb

²_keb \u ij_^eh`bl_ f_gvr_ q_f gZ^h qlh fgh]b_ gZoh^yl \_kvfZ ^hklhcguf ^ey kdZj_^gh]h iZjlg_jZ hg fh`_l \Zf gZaeh k^_eZlv jZ[hlm ih ijbgpbim©\u ^_eZ_l_ \b^ qlh ieZlbl_²y ^_eZx \b^ qlh jZ[hlZxª

²b gZdhg_p lj_lv_ aZf_qZgb_ dZkZ_lky fhf_glZ ieZl_`Z :dp_glmbjh\ZggZy gZ ^_gv]b ebqghklv ihdmiZ_lky dZd ijZ\beh aZ gZebqghklv K_]h^gy q_f keZ^dh_ AZ\ljZ

‡ijh\_jdZ b mlhqg_gb_ ijb_fe_fhklb nhjfu klbfmebjh\Zgby

G_ gZ^h iulZlvky ij_^eZ]Zlv ^_gv]b l_f dhfm hgb ijhlb\hihdZaZgu H[jZa gZ\yaqb\uo dhff_jkZglh\ kmxsbo \ayldb \ dZjfZgu hl\_lkl\_gguf jZ[hlgbdZf klZe gZklhevdh h^bha_g qlh jZ[hlgbdZf gZeh]h\uo kem`[ kdhjh [m^ml \u^Z\Zlv ki_pnhjfm k dZjfZgZfb gZ fhegbyo

G_h[oh^bfh ijh\_glbebjh\Zlv ]hlh\ghklv h[t_dlZ ijbgylv \Zrb ^Zju A^_kv fu ihiZ^Z_f iheghklvx \h \eZklv kljZohh[jZamxs_c fhlb\Zpbb >Z`_ \ gZr_ ^bdh_ jughqgh_ \j_fy ^Ze_dh g_ \k_ ihdmiZ_lky b ijh^Z_lky Ijb_fe_fhklv ^_g_`gh]h klbfmebjh\Zgby ^he`gh [ulv jZa\_^Zgh aZ]h^y hkh[_ggh dh]^Z ^_eh dZkZ_lky ih]jZgbqguo ijh_dlh\ ]^_ hiZk_gby b khh[jZ`_gby [_ahiZkghklb fh]ml kh\_jr_ggh q_ldh m^_j`b\Zlv h[t_dl hl ihemq_gby jZaghh[jZaguo ^_g_`guo aZ^Zldh\ Z\Zgkh\ b [hdh\bdh\

‡lbi fh^_eb klbfmebjh\Zgby h[t_dlZ

Fu g_h^ghdjZlgh mihfbgZeb ijZ\beh ©ijhdeylhc ^\Z^pZldbª Ijb \ujZ[hldb j_r_gby h ijbf_g_gbb ^_g_`gh]h klbfmebjh\Zgby g_h[oh^bfh [ulv m\_j_gguf qlh h[t_dl g_ hlghkblky d dZl_]hjbb©q_jghc ^\Z^pZldbª ²^\Z^pZlb ijhp_glZf gZk_e_gby a_fgh]h rZjZ g_ ih^^Zxs_cky gbdZdhfm klbfmebjh\Zgbx \ lhf qbke_ b ^_g_`ghfm Dlh g_ \_jbl ² imklv ijh[m_l

‡^_gv]b `b\u_ b H>H

Ijb jZ[hl_ ijhlb\ i_jkhgZ`Z [u\Z_l \_kvfZ ihe_agh \uykgblv b bkihevah\Zlv jZagbpm f_`^m lZdbfb ^_g_`gufb dZl_]hjbyfb dZd ©dwrª ² gZebqgu_ ^_gv]b b H>H ² h`b^Z_fZy ^_g_`gZy hp_gdZ mqZklby \ ijh_dl_ KlZg^ZjlgZy gZklmiZl_evgZy l_ogheh]by h[uqgh \u]ey^bl dZd klj_fe_gb_ \kmqblv qZklv ^_g_] iZjlg_jm gZebqgufb b kjZam qlh hldju\Z_l \hafh`ghklb fZgbimebjh\Zgby bf \ ^Zevg_cr_f \iehlv ^h hlh^\b]Zgby hdhgqZl_evgh]h jZkq_lZ gZ g_h]jZgbq_gguc kjhd H^gZdh bklhjby agZ_l g_fZeh kemqZ_\ hldZah\ lZdhc f_oZgbdb Ijbq_f ih f_j_ hiulghklb iZjlg_jZ bo \_jhylghklv \hajZklZ_l wdkihg_gpbZevgh >ey ^_fhgkljZpbb ]hlh\ghklb ieZlblv j_dhf_g^m_f bkihevah\Zlv [he__ wnn_dlguc b j_amevlZlb\guc ijb_f klbfmebjh\Zgby dwr_f

‡ijb_f dwr ^_fhgkljZpbyª

JZkkfhljbf ijbf_g_gb_ ijb_fZ ©dwr ^_fhgkljZpbbª ijb ijh^\b`_gbb dhgljZdlZ dh]^Z hkgh\Z khljm^gbq_kl\Z k h[t_dlhf kha^ZgZ b h]h\hj_gZ²©dwrªkjZam `_ ihke_ ih^ibkZgby dhgljZdlZ >_fhgkljZrdZ kjZ[Zlu\Z_l ijbf_jgh lZd agZy gZ\_jgydZ qlh k_]h^gy dhgljZdl g_ [m^_l ih^ibkZg \u ijboh^bl_ gZ i_j_]h\hju \ khklZ\_ k\h_c ]jmiiu kj_^b dhlhjuo ijbkmlkl\m_l gh\h_ ^ey iZjlg_jZ ebph ² fheqZeb\uc ©q_eh\_d k q_fh^ZgqbdhfªIhke_ hdhgqZgby hq_j_^ghc [_kieh^ghc [_k_^u \u ih^oh^bl_ d k\h_fm h[t_dlm b h^gh\j_f_ggh hldm^Z gb[m^v k[hdm dZd _keb [u \u _]h ©g_ \b^_ebª d \Zf ^he`_g ijb[ebablvky \Zr ©q_eh\_d k q_fh^Zghfª b g_fuf \hijhkhf gZ ebp_ <u ih\hjZqb\Z_l_kv d h[t_dlm b ydh[u hl\_qZy k\h_fm ih^qbg_gghfm db\Zy h[t_dlm ©GbdheZbq y m` ^mfZe lu k_]h^gy g_ ^Zc [h] ih^ibr_rvªjZkiZob\Z_l_ q_fh^Zgqbd lZd qlh[u h[t_dl hdZaZeky ihqlb ghkhf \ ^_gv]Zo =ZjZglbjm_f g_baf_ggh ij_\hkoh^guc j_amevlZl lZdhc ikbohZlZdb Ihk\_lbl_ ^_g_`dZfb b \u m\b^bl_ bklbggmx jZagbpm f_`^m gZehf b [_agZehf G_ fu ijb^mfZeb gZ[b\Zlv q_fh^Zg dmdeydhf gh fu bkijZ\gh wlh \uihegy_f ijb ih^h[guo ^_fhgkljZpbyo

<lhjhc ih jZkijhkljZgbfhklb b ihjhqghc agZqbfhklb ke_^m_l kljZl_]by ba[_]Zgby ieZl_`_c gZebqgufb G_^Zevgh\b^gZy iheblbdZ ijb\_^rZy d klhihjm fgh`_kl\h ijh_dlh\ \ kbem Zdlb\baZpbb iZjlg_jkdbo ih^haj_gbc jZa g_ ieZlbl_ ² agZqbl g_ ^h\_jy_l_ Dhev g_ ^h\_jy_l_ kZfb dZd fh`gh \_jblv \Zf" Bkdmr_gguc [bag_kf_g ^he`_g gZclb g_h[oh^bfu_ kihkh[u dhgljhey iZjlg_jZ [_a g_gm`ghc ikbohljZ\fbjmxs_c gZly`db Ihemq_gguc gZe ``_l jmdm [hevr_ q_f [m^msb_ ijb[ueb ohlv \ ^_kylv jZa [hevrb_ H^gZdh g_ aZ[m^_f ijh dhgljhev >Zeb²kijhkbl_ Fgh]b_ mimkdZxl \lhjmx qZklv

Deb_gl ijhieZlbe jZ[hlu \i_j_^ gZebqgufb Ihkdhevdm kmffZ [ueZ² ^ey g_]h g_agZqbl_evghc hg m[ue d jh^guf i_gZlZf ij_g_[j_]gm\ l_dmsbf dhgljhe_f bkihegbl_ey DZd \uykgbehkv gZijZkgh G_ agZy dhg_qgh]h gZagZq_gby \uihegy_fhc jZ[hlu ij_^hklZ\e_gguc k_[_ kZfhfm bkihegbl_ev ohlv b g_ ihljZlbe gb p_glZ gh b g_ k^_eZe gbq_]h < ke_^mxsbc aZ_a^ deb_glZ `^Zeh bajy^gh_ jZahqZjh\Zgb_ K]hjyqZ hg aZj_dky \ Jhkkbb ieZlblv aZ jZ[hlm \i_j_^ <ijhq_f g_gZ^he]h ijhklh l_i_jv hg g_ aZ[u\Z_l ijh dhgljhev ^jma_c b iZjlg_jh\ dhlhjuf mieZq_gh \i_j_^

HIJ?>?E?GB? <?EBQBGU KLBFME:

Ihke_ \uykg_gby lh]h qlh ieZlblv gZ^h lj_[m_lky hij_^_eblv f_jm ^_g_`gh]h

klbfmebjh\Zgby Z^_d\Zlgmx ebqghklb i_jkhgZ`Z©Kdhevdh"ªBa q_]h bkoh^yl"

‡ba l_dms_]h nbgZgkh\h]h khklhygby h[t_dlZ

² l _ kbxfbgmlghc km[t_dlb\ghc p_gghklb ^_g_] Ihgylgh qlh q_eh\_d gZoh^ysbcky©gZ ih^khk_ªjZ^ ex[uf ^_gv]Zf H^gZdh gZihfgbf qlh \ lZdhf khklhygbb ijb ihiuldZo dmiblv q_eh\_dZ gZ dhjgx g_aZ^hjh]h qZklh gZ[ex^Z_lky gZ^kblmZlb\gZy Zdlb\ghklv h[t_dlZ Wlh \ujZ`Z_lky \ lhf qlh \f_klh lh]h qlh[u k [eZ]h^Zjghklvx ijbgylv \Zrb ^_gv]b h[t_dl hldZau\Z_lky g_ lhevdh hl gbo qlh g_ lZd kljZrgh gh b hl \Zk qlh m`_ k_jv_ag_c Hlklmiblv a^_kv²agZqbl mklmiblv ]eh[Zevgh ijhb]jZlv gZ mjh\g_ ikboheh]bb

‡ba ijbgylh]h klhjhgZfb ijh_dlgh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by

Kl_i_gv ©fZgbaZpbbª iZjlg_jZ \ujZ`Z_lky \ aZp_gd_ iZjlg_jkdbo nmgdpbc b mkbebc QZklh ijb wlhf nb]mjbjm_l lZdh_ ihgylb_ dZd©]m^ \beeª

² ^h[jZy \hey ih k\h_fm kfukem gZb[he__ ijb[eb`ZxsZyky d `Zj]hgghfm ©hlghr_gb_ªA^_kv kijZ\_^eb\h \k_ lh h q_f fu k \Zfb ]h\hjbeb \ ]eZ\_ ihk\ys_gghc p_g_ mqZklby \ ^_e_

‡ba agZgbc ikboheh]bq_kdh]h ieZgZ dZkZxsboky \hkijbylby b ikbobdb h[t_dlZ

< kbem aZdhgZ C_jdkZ >h^khgZ dZd fu m`_ hlf_qZeb klbfmeu jZklml g_ijhihjpbhgZevgh f_^e_gg__ ih\ur_gbx mjh\gy keh`ghklb aZ^Zqb LZd gZijbf_j hlf_lbf qlh \k_]^Z dh]^Z hl gZrbo wdki_jlh\ lj_[m_lky hkh[h hl\_lkl\_ggZy jZ[hlZ hgb gZau\Zxl p_gm g_ijhihjpbhgZevgh f_gvrmx \hajhkr_c hl\_lkl\_gghklb

Ijb p_g_ bgbpbZlb\gh mklZgZ\eb\Z_fhc \Zfb ke_^m_l hkh[h ijb^bjqb\h ijhkfZljb\Zlv©ahgu fheqZgbyªb ©mjh\gb i_j_oh^h\ª^_g_`ghc klbfmeypbb DZ`^uc q_eh\_d bf__l lZdb_ ki_pbnbq_kdb_ ahgu IhdhiZcl_kv \ k_[_ b \u [_a ljm^Z mklZgh\bl_ k\hc kh[kl\_gguc mjh\_gv i_j_oh^Z K\ur_ dZdh]h agZq_gby ij_djZsZ_lky ^ey \Zk jhkl agZqbfhklb ^_g_] beb lukyq ^heeZjh\"

<_kvfZ ihe_agh ij_^klZ\eylv k_[_ dZdbf h[jZahf b gZ qlh \Zr h[t_dl [m^_l ljZlblv ^_gv]b Wlh ihfh`_l \Zf hij_^_eblv gm`gmx \_ebqbgm agZy \_s_kl\_ggh_ gZiheg_gb_ ^_g_] Ij_^iheh`bf ^_gv]b gZ ^hkljZb\Zgb_ ^Zqgh]h ^hfbdZ \ Ih^fhkdh\v_²wlh h^gh Z \hl [mg]Zeh \ Kj_^ba_fghfhjv_²wlh m`_ kh\_jr_ggh ^jm]h_

‡ba khh[jZ`_gbc [_ahiZkghklb iZjlg_jkdh]h \aZbfh^_ckl\by

GZijbf_j dh]^Z iZjlg_jZ ohlyl gZdj_idh ijbgZcljh\Zlv d QR]jZgbqghfm ijh_dlm nZdlhf ihemq_gby ^_g_] \u[bjZxl lZdmx kmffm qlh[u `_e_agh [ulv m\_j_gguf \ lhf qlh h[t_dl __ ihljZlbl b gb ijb dZdbo h[klhyl_evkl\Zo g_ kfh`_l \_jgmlv Wlhl ijb_f ih^ gZa\Zgb_f©dh]hlhd eZklhqdbª\_kvfZ rbjhdh ba\_kl_g m]heh\ghfm fbjm < ijhlb\ghf kemqZ_ hklhjh`guc h[t_dl fh`_l ijbf_gblv dhgljf_ju lbiZ©aZ[_jbl_ k\hb ^_gv]b gZaZ^ b hklZ\vl_ f_gy \ ihdh_ªAZf_lbf qlh \ ih^h[guo kblmZpbyo ZlZdmxsZy klhjhgZ \k_ qZs_ ijb[_]Z_l d lZdbf©wdhghfbq_kdbfª f_lh^Zf dZd i_j_kq_l aZfhjh`_gguo kj_^kl\ \dexq_gb_ kq_lqbdZ aZ ijhkjhqdb \ukqblu\Zgb_ mims_gghc ijb[ueb b l i

BKIHEG?GB?

J l_ogh bkiheg_gby ^_g_`gh]h klbfmebjh\Zgby \dexqZxl \ k_[y ijb_fu b ijhp_^mju lbiZ ©DZd ]jZfhlgh ^Z\Zlv b ]jZfhlgh g_ ^Z\Zlv"ª Ex[hc ij_^ijbgbfZl_ev ij_djZkgh agZ_l dZd wlh ^_eZ_lky b[h \_kv kh\[bag_k ihkljh_g gZ hlkl_`dZo >h[Z\bf d wlhfm h^gh aZf_qZgb_ ² g_ aZ[u\Zcl_ h e_]_g^bjh\Zgbb dh]^Z j_qv dZkZ_lky lhgdhc ikboheh]bb ©g_m^h[ghª b lhekluo h[klhyl_evkl\ ©g_[_ahiZkghª Dh]^Z \Zr iZjlg_j ² ebph kdZ`_f lZd h[j_f_g_ggh_ s_i_lbevghklvx g_ j_dhf_g^m_f jZ[hlZlv q_j_a ^h\_j_gguo ebp b ihkj_^gbdh\ b[h ©dh_ dlhª g_ ^j_fe_l ² \hafh`gZ ih^klZ\dZ h[t_dlZ \hafh`gu ih^kZ^db ba

g_`_eZl_evguo kljmdlmj Hkgh\Z e_]_g^ ijb ij_^eh`_gbb ^_g_]

‡ ©>_gv]b g_ hl GZk b g_ aZ Wlhª

Hlebqguf ijbdjulb_f y\eyxlky \k_\hafh`gu_ fZjd_lbg]h\u_ dhgkmevlZpbhggu_ Z]_glkdb_ b ^be_jkdb_ \hagZ]jZ`^_gby b ijhq GZijbf_j ij_^eZ]Zy jy^h\hc ijhp_gl aZ ihkh[gbq_kl\h \ aZdexq_gbb k^_edb gZ h^ghklhjhgg_ \u]h^guo \Zf mkeh\byo \u ij_^eZ]Z_l_ k\h_fm h[t_dlm g_ qZklv ^heb²kwdhghfe_ggh]h©\_joZªZ nhjfZevgh_ ^be_jkdh_ \hagZ]jZ`^_gb_ hl nbjfu ijh^mp_glZ Ih qbkeZf b kmlb ² wlh \ lhqghklb ©^hevdZª ih [_ahiZkghklb bkiheg_gby²wlh hieZlZ mkem] ijbq_f g_ \ZrZ hieZlZ Z dZdhc lh lZf ^Ze_dhc nbjfu Ij_djZkgh aZj_dhf_g^h\Z\rbc k_[y ijb_f G_ aZ[m^vl_ ijh khhl\_lkl\mxsbc ZglmjZ` ²kq_l nZdlmjm Z]_glkdh_ kh]eZr_gb_ b ijhq

‡ ©AZcfª ;he__ jbkdh\uc ijb_f b[h aZ]Z`_g f_edhljZ\qZlufb fhr_ggbdZfb Kmlv k\h^blky d \aZbfh\ujmqd_ \ nhjf_ aZcfZ iZjlg_jkdh]h dj_^blZ ih^ ©gm hq_gv [hevrb_ª ijhp_glu Ijb\yadb h[t_dlZ d ijh_dlbjm_fhc Zdpbb g_l Hq_gv ohjhrh ijhoh^bl ijb Zghgbfghc jZ[hl_ k nbabq_kdbf ebphf ² ohaybghf ebpZ xjb^bq_kdh]h dh]^Z gZijyfmx mqZklb_ wlbo ebp \ ijh_dl_ g_`_eZl_evgh >_gv]b ij_^eZ]Zxlky aZ ^jm]h_ ^_eh iehoh lh qlh lZdbf h[jZahf \_kvfZ fgh]b_ ebrbebkv lh]h g_fgh]h]h q_f jZkiheZ]Zeb k\yaZ\rbkv k ijhoh^bfpZfb m dhlhjuo dZd ba\_klgh gZ e[m gZibkZgh bgh_

‡ ©h\_s_kl\e_ggu_ ^_gv]bª

P_eZy ]ZffZ ijhieZl ijhklbjZxsZyky hl we_f_glZjgh]h ©M gZk _klv dZgZe gZ ^_r_\u_ª ^h ZgZeh]bqgh]h ihkljh_gby bguo ij_^eh`_gbc ©DZd jZa q_j_a g_^_ex fu `^_f aZ\haZ \Zr_c dhfie_dlZpbbª

GZ wlhf l_fm ^_g_`guo hlghr_gbc gZ k_]h^gy jZamfgh aZdhgqblv

FURE?GB?

‡ijh_dlgu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb ‡jbkdh]jZnby b ZlZdb

IJH?DLGU? O:J:DL?JBKLBDB

< qbke_ gZb[he__ ihdZaZl_evguo ijh_dlguo oZjZdl_jbklbd ZdlmZebabjmxsbo nZdlhj jZa\blby fure_gby iZjlg_jZ hlghkylky lZdb_ dZd h[_ki_q_gb_ \uiheg_gby iZjlg_jhf mgbdZevguo beb l\hjq_kdbo nmgdpbc g_ba[_`gh ijb\ghkysbo q_jlu bg^b\b^mZebaZpbb ebqghklb bkihegbl_ey \ dhg_qguc j_amevlZl beb bgl_ee_dlmZevguc ijh^mdl Ih nhjf_ lZdhc ijh^mdl fh`_l [ulv dZdbf m]h^gh hl j_r_gby qbklh l_ogbq_kdhc aZ^Zqb ^h j_r_gby dhfie_dkghc mijZ\e_gq_kdhc ijh[e_fu \ukhdh]h mjh\gy ©Bgl_ee_dlmZebaZpbyª kZfhklhyl_evgh]h j_r_gby iZjlg_jZ fh`_l ihlj_[h\Zlvky ^Z`_ gZ kZfhc we_f_glZjghc hi_jZpbb gZijbf_j lZdhc dZd ijb_fdZ lh\ZjZ \uibkdZ ^hdmf_glh\ jZklZfh`b\Zgb_ b l i qlh lhevdh ih^q_jdb\Z_l g_h[oh^bfhklv jZa\_^db fukebl_evguo kihkh[ghkl_c iZjlg_jZ

Ikboheh]bq_kdZy hl[jZdh\dZ dZg^b^Zlmju iZjlg_jZ ih ijbagZdm ^_n_dlb\ghklb fukebl_evgh]h ZiiZjZlZ dZkZ_lky dZd fbgbfmf ijh\_jdb \hafh`gh]h khijhlb\e_gby fukebl_evguo kl_j_hlbih\ iZjlg_jZ \uiheg_gbx bf ijh_dlguo nmgdpbc LZdhc ijh\_jdb iZjlg_jZ g_ fbgm_l gb h^bg ijh_dl

JBKDH=J:NBY B :L:DB

K[hj g_h[oh^bfhc bgnhjfZpbb ijhba\h^blky \k_fb ^hklmigufb kj_^kl\Zfb \bamZevguf gZ[ex^_gb_f bkke_^h\Zgb_f ijh^mdlh\ fukebl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb h[t_dlZ [_k_^Zfb b hi_jZlb\gufb b]jZfb Ihke_^gb_ y\eyxlky kj_^kl\hf gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\guf < l_kghf \aZbfh^_ckl\bb \u kfh`_l_ g_ lhevdh ihemqblv bkq_jiu\Zxsmx bgnhjfZpbx h fukebl_evguo kihkh[ghklyo h[t_dlZ gh b ijhsmiZlv dhgdj_lgu_ ih\_^_gq_kdb_ j_Zdpbb \ bgl_j_kmxsbo \Zk h[eZklyo gZijbf_j \uykgblv f_lh^u \ha^_ckl\by h[t_dlZ gZ ^jm]h]h q_eh\_dZ \ dhgnebdl_ I_j_^ \Zfb hldju\Z_lky \hafh`ghklv meh`blv h^gbf \uklj_ehf g_kdhevdh aZcp_\ kjZam bkke_^h\Zlv ikbobdm mklZgh\db fure_gb_ b ih\_^_gq_kdb_ kl_j_hlbiu Ijb ihkljh_gbb hi_jZlb\ghc b]ju b jZajZ[hld_ l_klh\hc aZ^Zqb h[t_dlm \Zf g_h[oh^bfh ijh\_jblv qlh iZj]g_j ihgbfZ_l b ijbgbfZ_l aZ^Zqm \ dZq_kl\_ lZdh\hc Mimklb\ ba \b^m i_j\mx qZklv l_klZ \u Z\lhfZlbq_kdb h[_kp_gbl_ \lhjmx k\_^y gZ g_l \k_ j_amevlZlu hi_jZlb\ghc b]ju

Hl[jZdh\dZ dZg^b^Zlh\ ih ijbagZdZf f_glZevghc g_ijb]h^ghklb ih^jZamf_\Z_l \uy\e_gb_ ^_n_dlh\ fure_gby ijb\h^ysbo d g_kihkh[ghklb h[t_dlZ \uihegblv \haeh`_ggu_ gZ g_]h nmgdpbb Ki_pbZevgu_ kihkh[ghklb gZfb g_ jZkkfZljb\Zxlky b[h hgb \ kbevghc f_j_ aZ\bkyl hl ki_pbnbdb ijh_dlZ H]jZgbqbf djm] ^_n_dlheh]bb lhevdh h[sbfb batygZfb fukebl_evgh]h ZiiZjZlZ ba \k_o \hafh`guo

DZdh\u maeu \gbfZgby ijb jZa\_^d_ nZdlhjZ \ k\_l_ jbkdh]jZnbb ^_eZ" Qlh \ blh]_ \u fh`_l_ bf_lv gZ \uoh^_"

IJB<?J@?GGHKLV <B>M FURE?GBY

DZd ijZ\beh \ ghjfZevghc ebqghklb jZaebqgu_ \b^u fure_gby khkms_kl\mxl h^gh\j_f_ggh Ijb wlhf dZdhc eb[h hl^_evguc \b^ ^hfbgbjm_l G_kfhljy gZ ijbkljZklb_ d lhfm beb bghfm \b^m fure_gby h[t_dl ^he`_g [ulv hp_g_g k ihabpbc ijZdlbq_kdhc gZijZ\e_gghklb _]h fure_gby ;_a jZagbpu dlh i_j_^ \Zfb²f_glhj mfm^j_gguc `bagvx b [_kij_klZggh ihmqZxsbc _c l_hj_lbd ZdZ^_fbq_kdh]h kdeZ^Z beb ijh``_gguc ijbdeZ^gbd ijZdlbd \u ^he`gu hp_gblv dhg_qguc ijh^mdl fukebl_evghc ^_yl_evghklb K_]h^gy fmaudZgl Zjlbkl wkljZ^u fh`_l eboh jmdh\h^blv l_ogbq_kdbf p_gljhf Z qe_g dhjj ^hp_gl ijh\Zevgh ijhdhgkmevlbjh\Zlv AgZdhfkl\h k hkgh\gufb \b^Zfb fure_gby ihfh`_l \Zf \u[jZlv khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ ih^oh^u d hi_jZlb\ghc jZajZ[hldb bo ghkbl_e_c

WFHPBHG:EVGH? FURE?GB?

<u gbdh]^Z g_ aZ^mfu\Zebkv ihq_fm k g_dhlhjuo ihj kj_^b hojZgu gZb[he__ hl\_lkl\_gguo i_jkhg \k_ qZs_ ihy\eyxlky `_gsbgu" Hl[jhkvl_ ^hfukeu h ^bkdjbfbgZpbb n_fbgbaZpbb b ijhqmx ^_fZ]h]bx ?keb \u \gbfZl_evgh \]ey^bl_kv \ nhlh]jZnbb ij_ab^_glZ KR: hdjm`_ggh]h k\hbfb hojZggbdZfb lh gZ\_jgh_ hij_^_ebl_ qlh ihabpby b jhev `_gsbgu hojZggbdZ ² ihkl kb]gZevsbdZ GZagZq_gb_ ² meZ\eb\Zgb_ kb]gZeh\h\ gZ^\b]Zxs_cky hiZkghklb IjbqbgZ `_ \ukhdhc qm\kl\bl_evghklb \ wfhpbhgZevghf fure_gbb k\hckl\_gghf ij_^klZ\bl_eyf ij_djZkghc iheh\bgu q_eh\_q_kl\Z

WfhpbhgZevgh_ fure_gb_ g_ijZ\hf_jgh ba]gZgh ba [bag_kZ dZd bkdexqbl_evgh fm`kdh]h jZpbhgZevgh]h aZgylby <hl \Zf dhdj_lgu_ iZjZf_lju ih dhlhjuf iZjlg_j ghkbl_ev wfhpbhgZevgh]h fure_gby g_aZf_gbf

²bglmblb\ghklv fure_gby

OZjZdl_jgZ [ukljhlZ ijhl_dZgby hlkmlkl\b_ q_ldh \ujZ`_gguo wlZih\ fbgbfZevgZy kl_i_gv hkhagZgghklb DZq_kl\h j_r_gbc bgh]^Z g_^hklb`bfh bgufb kihkh[Zfb < p_clghl_ lZdb_ j_r_gby fh]ml \ujmqblv

²bjjZpbhgZevghklv fure_gb_

<g_rg_ k\h^blky d fbklbpbafm h`b^Zgbx bgkZc^h\ haZj_gbc GZ ijZdlbd_ `_ ijb\h^bl d k\h_\j_f_gguf j_Zdpbyf \ kblmZpbb m]jhau gbdZd g_ k\yaZgguo k \g_rgbfb ijbagZdZfb kblmZpbb LZf ]^_ jZpbhgZebkl _^\Z _^\Z ih^mfZ_l h[ hiZkghklb bjjZpbhgZebkl mdZ`_l gZ g__ iZevp_f

²iZjZ^hdkZevghklv j_r_gbb

Ihbkd j_r_gby qZklh \ueb\Z_lky \ g_h`b^Zggmx gZoh^dm aZqZklmx g_fukebfmx b g_^hklmigmx gb eh]bd_ gb we_f_glZjghfm i_j_[hjm \ZjbZglh\

Ih^jh[gh_ jZkkfhlj_gb_ \hijhkZ kbevgh \uoh^bl aZ jZfdb k_]h^gyrg_]h jZa]h\hjZ Hlf_lbf lhevdh lhl nZdl qlh kZfh_ j_amevlZlb\gh_ \ ieZg_ wnn_dlb\ghklb kh\f_klguo j_r_gbc iZjlg_jkl\h ^hklb]Z_lky lZg^_fhf©wfhpbhgZeZªk ©eh]bdhfª

KEH<?KGH EH=BQ?KDH? FURE?GB? KEF

Keh\_kgh eh]bq_kdh_ fure_gb_ oZjZdl_jbamxs__ky bkihevah\Zgb_f \ khagZgbb ihgylbc eh]bq_kdbo dhgkljmdpbc b h[h[s_gbc ljZ^bpbhggh kqblZ_lky h^gbf ba gZb[he__ ijb]h^guo \b^h\ fure_gby ^ey ihkljh_gby mklhcqb\h]h kh\f_klgh]h ^_eZ Ij_^iheZ]Z_lky qlh iZjlg_j ijb^_j`b\Zxsbcky q_ldbo Zj]mf_glbjh\Zgguo ihkljh_gbc qlh oZjZdl_jgh ^ey KEF [m^_l kljhblv kh\f_klgmx ^_yl_evghklv gZb[he__ jZpbhgZevguf h[jZahf JZpbhgZevghklv fure_gby ij_^iheZ]Z_l kihkh[ghklv iZjlg_jZ d p_e_gZijZ\e_gghc ^_yl_evghklb Z^_d\Zlghfm \hkijbylbx ^_ckl\bl_evghklb khagZl_evghc ihklZgh\d_ p_e_c b ihke_^h\Zl_evghfm bo ^hklb`_gbx GZ[ex^_gb_ lZdh]h jh^Z jZpbhgZevgh]h ih\_^_gby \_kvfZ qZklh ljZdlm_lky \ dZq_kl\_ [_kkihjgh [eZ]hgZ^_`gh]h ijbagZdZ iZjlg_jZ H^gZdh b a^_kv g_ \k_ ijhklh

Ijb\_^_f \Zf kZfu_ jZkijhkljZg_ggu_ ^_n_dlu b ihjhdb iZjlg_jkl\Z [Zabjmxs_]hky gZ©]hehf jZpbhgZebaf_ª

©jZpbhgZebaZpbby ^_yl_evghklbª

LZd h[jZagh fh`gh gZa\Zlv hkgh\ghc ihjhd gZ[ex^Z_fuc m hldjh\_gguo ghkbl_e_c keh\_kgh eh]bq_kdh]h fure_gby Kmlv k\h^blky d ih^qbg_gbx ^_yl_evghklb jZkkm^hqghfm dhgljhex ijb dhlhjhf qZklh lZdb_ ihgylby dZd fhjZev b wfhpbb qm\kl\Z b kbfiZlbb b l i k\h^ylky ^h \_ebqbg [_kdhg_qgh fZeuo Q_eh\_d mih^h[ey_lky jZkkm^hqghc fZrbg_ [_kqm\kl\_gghfm jh[hlm [_a kljZoZ b mij_dZ rZ]Zxs_fm d ihklZ\e_gghc p_eb

>\Z iZjlg_jZ ^jmavy ^_lkl\Z \_^ml \_kvfZ mki_rgmx kh\f_klgmx ^_yl_evghklv <^jm] kh\_jr_ggh g_h`b^Zggh h^bg ba gbo ² ©lhji_^Zª ^_eZ ihijhklm ©db^Z_lªk\h_]h ijbyl_ey gZ hq_gv djmigmx kmffm Ijbq_f ^_eZ_l wlh gZklhevdh ]jm[h qlh jZkkljh_gguc iZjlg_j [u\rbc ^jm] b lh\Zjbs h[jZlbeky d gZf aZ kh\_lhf [he__ ikboheh]bq_kdh]h g_`_eb ^_eh\h]h ieZgZ ?fm [ueh `Zev g_ klhevdh ^_g_] kdhevdh lZdh]h fZehijbylgh]h b g_ihgylgh]h ih\_^_gby ^jm]Z ih^_evgbdZ Ihkdhevdm ijb\_e ihl_ji_\r_]h h^bg ba gZrbo khljm^gbdh\ dhlhjhfm hg ijboh^blky dZdbf lh jh^kl\_ggbdhf fu ijba\Zeb gZ ihfhsv rlZlgh]h ikboheh]Z dhlhjuc ^h\hevgh h[klhyl_evgh jZklhedh\Ze iZjgx qlh lZdbo kemqZ_\ \g_aZigh]h g_fhlb\bjh\Zggh]h ij_^Zl_evkl\Z lhevdh gZ gZr_c ijZdlbd_ ²bajy^gh_ dhebq_kl\h B \ wlhf g_l gbq_]h m^b\bl_evgh]h >_ckl\my ih gZrbf ih^kdZadZf ihl_ji_\rbc \_kvfZ [ukljh mklZgh\be ijbqbgm ih\_^_gby b fhlb\u k\h_]h dhfiZgvhgZ DZd b ij_^iheh]Ze gZr ikboheh] ihke_ bkke_^h\Zgby ebqghkl_c iZjlg_jh\ b bklhjbb jZa\blby kh\f_klgh]h ^_eZ kh kehb ihl_ji_\r_]h gbq_]h gh\h]h ² ijhklh gZijhklh iZjlg_j ijbgye ©j_]bhgZevgh_ j_r_gb_ª Hg \hagZf_jbeky \ hq_j_^ghc dhfZg^bjh\d_ aZ [m]jhf ©aZ^_j`Zlvky gZkh\k_fª b ihijhklm Zddmfmebjh\Ze bf_xsb_ky Zdlb\u HklZevgh_ \ jZkq_l g_ [jZehkv GhjfZevgh"

©iZjZee_evgZy eh]bdZª

Ba\_klguc [bq gZrbo ohayckl\_ggbdh\ jZpbhgZebah\Zgguo Z^fbgbkljZlb\gh dhfZg^ghc kbkl_fhc k\h^blky d ihkljh_gbx ©eh]bqguoª ih k\h_c kmlb mfhaZdexq_gbc [Zabjmxsboky gZ ^mluo ihkueZo Ij_^iheh`bf \u ij_^eZ]Z_l_ lh\Zj lZdhfm ohayckl\_ggbdm jZpbhgZevgh Zj]mf_glbjmy _]h \u]h^u <Zk hq_gv \gbfZl_evgh kemrZxl db\Zxl ]heh\hc \k_ ih\_^_gq_kdb_ ijbagZdb \u^Zxl kh]eZkb_ b ]hlh\ghklv Gh qlh gZ kZfhf ^_e_ ijhbkoh^bl \ fha]m": \hl qlh hg m`_©mk_dªf_`^m kljhd kdjuluc ih^l_dkl \Zr_]h ih\_^_gby b gZf_j_gbc Ijb wlhf dZd fu b h[_sZeb _]h ^mlu_ ba \ha^moZ ihfukeu gZeh`_ggu_ gZ fukebl_evgu_ rZ[ehgu ik_\^heh]bdb ijb\h^yl _]h d lZdbf \u\h^Zf qlh [m^mqb k gbfb hldjh\_ggh hagZdhfe_ggufb \u ko\Zlb\rbkv aZ ]heh\m mljZlbeb [ \k_ k\h_ djZkghj_qb_

Wlhl ^_n_dl fure_gby ijb dhlhjhf jZaghjh^gu_ y\e_gby kh_^bgyxlky ih \g_rgbf fZehagZqbfuf ijbagZxl [_a dZdbo eb[h ^hklZlhqguo gZ lh hkgh\Zgbc ih^ gZa\Zgb_f ©kbgdj_lbafª ^Z\gh ba\_kl_g b ^_lZevgh bamq_g Qm\kl\_gguc h[jZa \hkijbgbfZ_lky \ g_jZkqe_g_gghf p_ehklghf \b^_ Hlkmlkl\b_ \u^_e_gby b khhlg_k_gby _]h \gmlj_ggbo dhfihg_glh\ hljZ`Z_l g_kihkh[ghklv d eh]bq_kdhfm fure_gbx dh]^Z kbgl_a aZf_gy_lky kh_^bg_gb_f jy^hiheh`_ggh]h LZdZy©^_lkdZy [he_agvª\ [bag_k_²\_sv jZkijhkljZg_ggZy < qZklghklb wlh fh`_l \ujZ`Zlvky \ ijbibku\Zgbb g_k\hckl\_gguo q_jl \k_fm \g_rg_ ihoh`_fm gZ agZdhfuc h[t_dl beb i_j_ghk_ agZq_gby gZ jy^ ebrv \g_rg_ \aZbfhk\yaZgguo y\e_gbc LZd gZijbf_j fu klZedb\Z_fky k kbgdj_lbafhf b ©iZjZee_evghc eh]bdhcªihklhyggh kj_^b [Zgdbjh\ b ^bj_dlhjZlZ klZjr_]h b ij_dehggh]h \hajZklZ Ijbf_qZl_evgh qlh \ kj_^_ [Zgdbjh\ ^hi_j_kljh_qghc aZdZedb ^_n_dl agZqbl_evgh hfheZ`b\Z_lky b \klj_qZ_lky ^Z`_ kj_^b ex^_c kj_^g_]h \hajZklZ DZd [u eh]bq_g gb dZaZeky \Zf h[t_dl ijh\_jvl_ qbklhlm ihkljh_gby _]h eh]bdb G_ hdZ`_lky eb lZf g_qlh g_h`b^Zggh_ aZij_^_evgh_ \Zr_fm dhgljhex b ihijhklm aZdhgZf a^hjh\hc eh]bdb Dhev j_qv b^_l h ^h[jhdZq_kl\_gghklb g_ gZ^h ki_rblv k \u\h^Zfb Ba qbkeZ f_j ijhlb\h^_ckl\by mklZgh\e_gguf ^_n_dlZf jZpbhgZebaZpbb b iZjZee_evghc eh]bdb hlf_lbf kljZl_]bb dZkZxsb_ky lh]h qlh ijbgylh bf_gh\Zlv \ aZiZ^ghc ijZdlbd_©ijhfu\Zgb_f fha]h\ª< gZklhys_f <\_^_gbb ghkys_f hagZdhfbl_evguc oZjZdl_j wlb kljZl_]bb g_ jZkkfZljb\Zxlky

J?IJH>MDLB<GH? FURE?GB?

Hkgh\gh_ ijhy\e_gb_ j_ijh^mdlb\gh]h fure_gby ² bkihevah\Zgb_ ]hlh\uo agZgbc klj_fe_gb_ ba[_]Zlv gh\uo kZfhklhyl_evguo j_r_gbc b dZd ke_^kl\b_ ljm^ghjZaj_rbfuo g_hj^bgZjguo kblmZpbc Ebph kdehggh_ d j_ijh^mdlb\ghfm fure_gbx kdhj__ ihljZlbl kbeu b ^_gv]b gZ ijbh[j_l_gb_ gh\uo agZgbc dhgkmevlZpbb b ihbkd ]hlh\uo j_r_gbc g_`_eb [m^_l \ fmdZo ijb^mfu\Zlv lZdh_ j_r_gb_ kZfhklhyl_evgh gZkdhevdh [ebadh hgh [u gb gZoh^behkv Ih\_^_gb_ ebp kdehgguo d j_ijh^mdlb\ghfm fure_gbx fh`_l [ulv \_kvfZ bahsj_gguf b[h \ bo©f_glZevghf h[hjhl_ªfh`_l gZoh^blvky h]jhfgZy fZkkZ agZgbc qlh qZklh g_\_jgh bklhedh\u\Z_lky fZehhiulgufb hi_jZlb\gbdZfb dZd ijbagZd \ukhdhc bgl_ee_dlmZevghklb b mjh\gy h[jZah\Zgghklb h[t_dlZ Hlf_lbf qlh bgl_ee_dl b j_ijh^mdlb\gu_ agZgby ² \_sb jZagu_ Klhjhggbdb bfblZpbhggh ih^jZ`Zl_evguo nhjf fure_gby qZklh ijhy\eyxsb_ baukdZggu_ fZgbimeypbhggu_ gZdehgghklb \ kemqZb bo g_\_jgh]h jZkihagZgby ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc k_jv_agmx m]jham g_ lhevdh khljm^gbq_kl\m

Ghkbl_ev j_ijh^mdlb\gh]h fure_gby \_kvfZ kbevgh aZ\bkbl hl k\hckl\ k\h_c iZfylb Wlh \Zk ^he`gh gZlhedgmlv gZ fukev h lhf qlh©iehoZy iZfylvªg_ ^he`gZ \klj_qZlvky m lh]h dlh k\h[h^gh hi_jbjm_l qm`bfb agZgbyfb G_ aZ[m^vl_ qlh aZ[u\qb\hklv \_kvfZ qZklh kdju\Z_l [he__ \_kdb_ Zj]mf_glu GZijbf_j jZ[hlZ f_oZgbafZ ©\ul_kg_gbyª \uau\Z_l aZ[u\Zgb_ ikbohljZ\fbjmxs_c kblmZpbb Ih\k_^g_\gh_ ijhy\e_gb_ wlh]h nZdlZ fh`gh gZ[ex^Zlv \ fgbfhc aZ[u\qb\hklb ^_eh\uo ex^_c ijh ^_eZ k\yaZggu_ k \uiheg_gb_f

ih^khagZl_evgh g_ijbylguo h[yaZgghkl_c Fu m`_ hlf_qZeb wlh ex[hiulgh_ k\hckl\h ©aZ[u\qb\hklbª?keb gZijbf_j \Zf g_ a\hgbl lhl dlh ^he`_g a\hgblv b kkueZ_lky ijb wlhf gZ aZ[u\qb\hklv ² \iheg_ \_jhylgh hg bf__l \ hlghr_gbb \Zk kfmlgu_ ^h]Z^db beb ih^haj_gby ?keb ijb wlhf \Zr q_eh\_d fukebl j_ijh^mdlb\guf kihkh[hf² ©klh im^h\ªqlh \u ijh\Zebeb k\hx fbkkbx klZ\ ebqgh g_ijbyag_gghc i_jkhghc h[t_dlm

J L?OGH

‡©D> ZlZdZª\ha^_ckl\b_ ih f_lh^m©Dh]gblb\gh]h >bkkhgZgkZ

=h\hjy h agZgbyo mihfyg_f lZdmx ikboheh]bq_kdmx ^hdljbgm dZd dh]gblb\gZy ikboheh]by ij_^ibku\Zxsmx agZgbx j_rZxsmx jhev \ ih\_^_gbb q_eh\_dZ H^gh ba gZijZ\e_gbc dhrblb\ghc ikboheh]bb ijb\_eh d ijZdlbq_kdhc jZajZ[hld_ f_lh^Z ZlZdb ikbobdb ebp k j_ijh^mdlb\guf lbihf fure_gby

Dh]gblb\guc ^bkkhgZgk ih^jZamf_\Z_l g_]Zlb\gh_ ih[m^bl_evgh_ khklhygb_ h[t_dlZ \hagbdZxs__ \ kblmZpbb dh]^Z hg jZkiheZ]Z_l h^gh\j_f_ggh ^\mfy ikboheh]bq_kdb ijhlb\hj_qb\ufb agZgbyfb h[ h^ghf h[t_dl_ Wlh fh]ml [ulv km`^_gby fg_gby kZfhhp_gdb Km[t_dlb\gh ^bkkhgZgk i_j_`b\Z_lky dZd ^bkdhfnhjl hl dhlhjh]h klj_fylky hl^_eZlvky eb[h iml_f baf_g_gby h^gh]h agZgby eb[h iml_f \\_^_gby \ kblmZpbx gh\h]h we_f_glZ kgbfZxs_]h gZijy`_gb_ GZb[he__ kbevgu_ ijhy\e_gby dh]gblb\guc ^bkkhgZgk bf__l \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z hg dZkZ_lky agZgbc W]h mjh\gy h[t_dlZ gZijbf_j aZljZ]b\Zxsbc lZdb_ ihgylby dZd ijhn_kkbhgZevgZy b khpbZevgZy kZfhhp_gdZ ebqghklb GZk k_cqZk [he__ bgl_j_km_l _]h kh^_j`Zl_evgh_ gZiheg_gb_

J l_ogh

Kha^Zgb_ mkeh\bc

Ijbf_g_gb_ dh]gblb\gh ^bkkhgbjmxsbo klbfmeh\

<j_f_ggZy \u^_j`dZ ^ey jZa\blby wfhpbhgZevguo j_Zdpbc dhgnebdlZ

Bgl_ee_dlmZevgZy ZlZdZ ^hklb`_gb_ ihklZ\e_gghc p_eb

IhiZ\ \ hj[blm gZrbo hi_jZlb\guo bgl_j_kh\ g_dbc ij_^ijbgbfZl_ev kqblZxsbc k_[y [hevrb_ ikboheh]hf ih^\_j]ky fZgbimebjh\Zgbx ^ey aZdexq_gby dhgljZdlZ gZ h^ghklhjhgg_ \u]h^guo mkeh\byo <u[hj \ha^_ckl\by [ue k^_eZg gZfb bkoh^y ba gZ[ex^_gbc aZ l_f dZd h[t_dl g_ hq_gv lh ©ikboheh]bqghª ijbf_gy_l \ k\h_f [bag_k_ ihlh]hggmx kbkl_fm hieZlu Fu mkhfgbebkv \ _]h ^Zjh\Zgbyo b j_rbeb ijh]gZlv _]h q_j_a D> dh]gblb\gub ^bkkhgZgk Qlh b [ueh \uiheg_gh ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf aa^_ckl\h\ _]h `_ kh[kl\_ggu_ kZfhhi_gdb fu ijb\yaZeb bo d kms_kl\m dhgljZdlZ kha^Zeb mkeh\by AZl_f ih\_eb k_[y lZdbf h[jZahf qlh iheghklvx ^_ahjb_glbjh\db h[t_dl \ _]h hp_gdZo hg i_j_klZe ihgbfZlv©qlh b ihq_fm"ªijhbkoh^bl ijbf_g_gb_ dh]gblb\gh]h ^bkkhgZgkZ >Z\ _fm \j_fy i_j_hkfukeblv kblmZpbx b \^h\hev fmqbl_evgh ihehfZlv ]heh\m fu q_j_a _]h dhee_]m ih^dbgmeb gm`gh_ j_r_gb_ ZlZdZ <kdhj_ hg kZf gZr_e gZk b ij_^eh`be lh hl q_]h gZ\_jgydZ [u hldZaZeky _keb [u bgbpbZlb\Z reZ hl gZk

< ^jm]hf wibah^_ fu klhedgmebkv k g_h`b^Zgguf khijhlb\e_gb_f ²iZjlg_jZ ih oh^m ^_eZ klZ\r_]h ijhy\eylv ijbagZdb g_ehyevghklb iulZykv baf_gylv mkeh\byf jZg__ ^hklb]gmluo kh]eZr_gbc b g_^\mkfuke_ggh ih]ey^u\Zy ijb wlhf \ klhjhgm nbjfu dhgdmjbjmxs_c k gZrbf deb_glhf <u[hj kj_^kl\Z h^_j]b\Zgby iZe gZ dh]gblb\guc ^bkkhgZgk fu kha^Zeb beexabb lh]h qlh b fu fh`_f [ulv iehobfb >Z\ \hafh`ghklb q_eh\_dm ihjZafukeblv gZ^ l_f dlh _klv l\hj_p kblmZpbb Z dlh² mqZklgbd qlh lZdh_ gZ^_`guc iZjlg_j Z qlh lZdh_ ihimlqbd ijhfZjbgh\Z\ _]h \h \eZklb kh[kl\_gguo ijhlb\hj_qb\uo hp_ghd g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy fu ^Zeb \hafh`ghklv j_Zevgh ijhqm\kl\h\Zlv gZ kh[kl\_gghc rdmj_ qm`mx g_ehyevghklv kms_kl\mxsmx ebrv \ _]h \hh[jZ`_gbb J_Zevgh_