- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •Preface
- •1 Introduction, with the biological basis for cell mechanics
- •Introduction
- •The role of cell mechanics in biological function
- •Maintenance of cell shape
- •Cell migration
- •Mechanosensing
- •Stress responses and the role of mechanical forces in disease
- •Active cell contraction
- •Structural anatomy of a cell
- •The extracellular matrix and its attachment to cells
- •Transmission of force to the cytoskeleton and the role of the lipid bilayer
- •Intracellular structures
- •Overview
- •References
- •2 Experimental measurements of intracellular mechanics
- •Introduction
- •Forces to which cells are exposed in a biological context
- •Methods to measure intracellular rheology by macrorheology, diffusion, and sedimentation
- •Whole cell aggregates
- •Sedimentation of particles
- •Diffusion
- •Mechanical indentation of the cell surface
- •Glass microneedles
- •Cell poker
- •Atomic force microscopy
- •Mechanical tension applied to the cell membrane
- •Shearing and compression between microplates
- •Optical traps
- •Magnetic methods
- •Twisting of magnetized particles on the cell surface and interior
- •Passive microrheology
- •Optically detected individual probes
- •One-particle method
- •Two-particle methods
- •Dynamic light scattering and diffusing wave spectroscopy
- •Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
- •Optical stretcher
- •Acoustic microscopy
- •Outstanding issues and future directions
- •References
- •3 The cytoskeleton as a soft glassy material
- •Introduction
- •Magnetic Twisting Cytometry (MTC)
- •Measurements of cell mechanics
- •The structural damping equation
- •Reduction of variables
- •Universality
- •Scaling the data
- •Collapse onto master curves
- •Theory of soft glassy rheology
- •What are soft glassy materials
- •Sollich’s theory of SGMs
- •Soft glassy rheology and structural damping
- •Open questions
- •Biological insights from SGR theory
- •Malleability of airway smooth muscle
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •4 Continuum elastic or viscoelastic models for the cell
- •Introduction
- •Purpose of continuum models
- •Principles of continuum models
- •Boundary conditions
- •Mechanical and material characteristics
- •Example of studied cell types
- •Blood cells: leukocytes and erythrocytes
- •Limitations of continuum model
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •5 Multiphasic models of cell mechanics
- •Introduction
- •Biphasic poroviscoelastic models of cell mechanics
- •Analysis of cell mechanical tests
- •Micropipette aspiration
- •Cells
- •Biphasic properties of the pericellular matrix
- •Indentation studies of cell multiphasic properties
- •Analysis of cell–matrix interactions using multiphasic models
- •Summary
- •References
- •6 Models of cytoskeletal mechanics based on tensegrity
- •Introduction
- •The cellular tensegrity model
- •The cellular tensegrity model
- •Do living cells behave as predicted by the tensegrity model?
- •Circumstantial evidence
- •Prestress-induced stiffening
- •Action at a distance
- •Do microtubules carry compression?
- •Summary
- •Examples of mathematical models of the cytoskeleton based on tensegrity
- •The cortical membrane model
- •Tensed cable nets
- •Cable-and-strut model
- •Summary
- •Tensegrity and cellular dynamics
- •Conclusion
- •Acknowledgement
- •References
- •7 Cells, gels, and mechanics
- •Introduction
- •Problems with the aqueous-solution-based paradigm
- •Cells as gels
- •Cell dynamics
- •Gels and motion
- •Secretion
- •Muscle contraction
- •Conclusion
- •Acknowledgement
- •References
- •8 Polymer-based models of cytoskeletal networks
- •Introduction
- •The worm-like chain model
- •Force-extension of single chains
- •Dynamics of single chains
- •Network elasticity
- •Nonlinear response
- •Discussion
- •References
- •9 Cell dynamics and the actin cytoskeleton
- •Introduction: The role of actin in the cell
- •Interaction of the cell cytoskeleton with the outside environment
- •The role of cytoskeletal structure
- •Actin mechanics
- •Actin dynamics
- •The emergence of actin dynamics
- •The intrinsic dynamics of actin
- •Regulation of dynamics by actin-binding proteins
- •Capping protein: ‘decommissioning’ the old
- •Gelsolin: rapid remodeling in one or two steps
- •β4-thymosin: accounting (sometimes) for the other half
- •Dynamic actin in crawling cells
- •Actin in the leading edge
- •Monomer recycling: the other ‘actin dynamics’
- •The biophysics of actin-based pushing
- •Conclusion
- •Acknowledgements
- •References
- •10 Active cellular protrusion: continuum theories and models
- •Cellular protrusion: the standard cartoon
- •The RIF formalism
- •Mass conservation
- •Momentum conservation
- •Boundary conditions
- •Cytoskeletal theories of cellular protrusion
- •Network–membrane interactions
- •Network dynamics near the membrane
- •Special cases of network–membrane interaction: polymerization force, brownian and motor ratchets
- •Network–network interactions
- •Network dynamics with swelling
- •Other theories of protrusion
- •Numerical implementation of the RIF formalism
- •An example of cellular protrusion
- •Protrusion driven by membrane–cytoskeleton repulsion
- •Protrusion driven by cytoskeletal swelling
- •Discussion
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •11 Summary
- •References
- •Index
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CYTOSKELETAL MECHANICS
This book presents a full spectrum of views on current approaches to modeling cell mechanics. The authors of this book come from the biophysics, bioengineering, and physical chemistry communities and each joins the discussion with a unique perspective on biological systems. Consequently, the approaches range from finite element methods commonly used in continuum mechanics to models of the cytoskeleton as a cross-linked polymer network to models of glassy materials and gels. Studies reflect both the static, instantaneous nature of the structure, as well as its dynamic nature due to polymerization and the full array of biological processes. While it is unlikely that a single unifying approach will evolve from this diversity, it is our hope that a better appreciation of the various perspectives will lead to a highly coordinated approach to exploring the essential problems and better discussions among investigators with differing views.
Mohammad R. K. Mofrad is Assistant Professor of Bioengineering at the University of California, Berkeley, where he is also director of Berkeley Biomechanics Research Laboratory. After receiving his PhD from the University of Toronto he was a post-doctoral Fellow at Harvard Medical School and a principal research scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Roger D. Kamm is the Germeshausen Professor of Mechanical and Biological Engineering in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Biological Engineering Division at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Cytoskeletal Mechanics
MODELS AND MEASUREMENTS
Edited by
MOHAMMAD R. K. MOFRAD
University of California, Berkeley
ROGER D. KAMM
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
cambridge university press
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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© Cambridge University Press 2006
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2006
isbn-13 978-0-511-24934-1 eBook (EBL) isbn-10 0-511-24934-9 eBook (EBL)
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Contents
List of Contributors |
page vii |
|
Preface |
ix |
|
1 |
Introduction, with the biological basis for cell mechanics |
1 |
|
Roger D. Kamm and Mohammad R. K. Mofrad |
|
2 |
Experimental measurements of intracellular mechanics |
18 |
|
Paul Janmey and Christoph Schmidt |
|
3 |
The cytoskeleton as a soft glassy material |
50 |
|
Jeffrey Fredberg and Ben Fabry |
|
4 |
Continuum elastic or viscoelastic models for the cell |
71 |
|
Mohammed R. K. Mofrad, Helene Karcher, and Roger D. Kamm |
|
5 |
Multiphasic models of cell mechanics |
84 |
|
Farshid Guilak, Mansoor A. Haider, Lori A. Setton, |
|
|
Tod A. Laursen, and Frank P. T. Baaijens |
|
6 |
Models of cytoskeletal mechanics based on tensegrity |
103 |
|
Dimitrije Stamenovic´ |
|
7 |
Cells, gels, and mechanics |
129 |
|
Gerald H. Pollack |
|
8 |
Polymer-based models of cytoskeletal networks |
152 |
|
F. C. MacKintosh |
|
9 |
Cell dynamics and the actin cytoskeleton |
170 |
|
James L. McGrath and C. Forbes Dewey, Jr. |
|
10 |
Active cellular protrusion: continuum theories and models |
204 |
|
Marc Herant and Micah Dembo |
|
11 |
Summary |
225 |
|
Mohammad R. K. Mofrad and Roger D. Kamm |
|
Index |
231 |
v
Contributors
. .
Department of Biomedical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology
Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University
. , .
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering Division Massachusetts Institute of Technology
School of Public Health Harvard University
School of Public Health Harvard University
Department of Surgery
Duke University Medical Center
.
Department of Mathematics North Carolina State University
Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University
Institute for Medicine and Engineering University of Pennsylvania
.
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering
Division
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Biological Engineering Division Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Duke University
. .
Division of Physics and Astronomy Vrije Universiteit
.
Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Rochester
. .
Department of Bioengineering University of California, Berkeley
vii
viii |
Contributors |
|
|
. |
. |
|
Department of Bioengineering |
Department of Biomedical Engineering |
|
University of Washington |
Duke University |
|
|
´ |
|
Institute for Medicine and Engineering |
Department of Biomedical Engineering |
|
University of Pennsylvania |
Boston University |