Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology - Russell K. Hobbie & Bradley J. Roth

Knobler, E., 381, 398 Knuutila, J., 213, 224, 315 Kobayashi, A. K., 247, 254 Kobayashi-Kirschvink, A., 254 Koh, D.-M., 536, 542

Koh, W. J., 478

Koizumi, H., 399 Konarzewski, M., 42, 47 Kondo, S., 472, 479 Koo, T-W., 371, 398

Kovacs, G. T. A., 136, 175 Kozlowski, J., 42, 47 Kr¨amer, U., 398

Kramer, J. R., 371, 398

Krane, K. S., 7, 29, 142, 175, 363, 373, 375, 398 Kricker, A., 380, 397

Kripke, M. L., 380, 398 81mKr, 502 Kucharczyk, J., 542 Kuo, A., 253

Kupfer cells, 497 Kustin, K., 283 Kuyucak, S., 254

La¨uger, P., 148, 175 LaBarbera, M., 27, 29

Lakshminarayanan, A. V., 335, 341 Lamb, H., 248, 254

Lambert’s law, 386 Laminar flow, 15, 16 Lamothe, M. J. R., 225 Lanchester, F. W., 280 Langevin equation, 87 Lanino, E., 398 Lapicque, L., 193, 202 Laplacian, 91 Laramore, G. E., 478

Large-signal transfer factor, 442 Larin, K. V., 398

Larina, I. V., 398

Larmor precession frequency, 518, 522 Larsson, S. A., 502, 513

Laser surgery, 381 Late-responding tissue, 461, 462 Latent heat of vaporization, 75 Lateral geniculate nucleus, 536 Latitude, 441

Lauterbur, P. C., 527, 542 Law of Laplace, 26, 77 Lawrence, C. M., 380, 398 Le, A., 254

Le, T. H., 330, 331

Lead zirconate titanate, 351 Leads

ECG, 187 limb, 187

augmented, 188

Index 601

precordial, 188 Least squares, 201, 285

linear, 287 nonlinear, 288 polynomial, 288

Lebec, M., 399 LeBihan, D., 108, 542 Lee, M.-H., 283

Lee, T. M., 542

Left and right bundles, 185

Left ventricular hypertrophy, 189, 190 Legendre polynomial, 181, 184

Lei, H., 534, 542 Leigh, J., 399 Leighton, R. B., 323 Leiter, D., 284

Lenir-Cohen-Solal, C., 478

Lennard, R. F., 212, 224 Lens, 388

Lenz’s law, 214, 215 Lester, J. W., 542 LET, 423

L´etourneau, E. G., 477 Leuchtag, H. R., 236, 254 Leukemia, 42, 275

Levenberg-Marquardt method, 289 Lever, L. R., 380, 398

L´evesque, B., 477

Levin, R. L., 542

Levitt, D., 87, 98, 109, 124, 127, 133 Levy, R. P., 479

Lewis number, 104 Lewis, C. A., 238, 254 Li, T. K., 44

Liang, Z.-P., 527, 542 Light

photon properties, 360 polarized, 371

speed, 359

wave nature, 360, 370 Lightfoot, E. N., 90 Lighthill, J., 15, 29 Lighthill, M. J., 304, 323 Likavek, M. J., 116, 133 Limb leads, 187

Lime peel, 380 Limit cycle

bifurcation of, 266 stable, 266 unstable, 266

Lin, C. P., 370, 398 Lindemans, F. W., 195, 202 Lindhard, J., 418, 420 Lindner, A., 120, 133 Lindsay, R. B., 350, 357 Line approximation, 184 Line integral, 142

602 Index

Line-spread function, 329 Linear energy transfer, 423, 458 Linear least squares

weighted, 288 Linear regression, 287 Linear system, 325

Linear-nonthreshold model, 471, 472, 506 Linear-quadratic model, 460

Links, J. M., 501, 513 Liow, J. S., 513

Lipid bilayer, 163 Lissner, H. R., 7, 29 Lithotripsy, 350, 353

Littmark, U., 415, 418–423, 435 Liu, D-W., 201

Liu, H., 369, 398

Liver, 116, 217

Local control of tumor, 463 Locatelli, F., 398

Loevinger, R., 488, 490, 491, 498, 513 Log-log graph paper, 39

Logarithm definition, 549 natural, 549

Logistic equation, 39, 265, 266 Logistic map, 269

Lomax, A., 479 Longitudinal wave, 344, 346 Lopatin, A. N., 254 Lorente de N´o, R., 153, 175 Lorentz force, 204, 222

Lotka-Volterra equations, 46 Lounasmaa, O. V., 213, 224, 315 Lowe, H. C., 398

Lu, J., 244, 252, 254

Lubin, J. H., 473, 479 Lukas, A., 201 Lumen, 376

Lumen (unit), 387 Luminance, 384 Luminous

e cacy, 387 energy, 384 exitance, 384 exposure, 384 flux, 384, 387 intensity, 384, 387

Lung transplant, 503 Luo, C. H., 158, 175 Lutz, G., 445, 479

LVH, see Left ventricular hypertrophy Lybanon, M., 288, 323

Lynch, D. K., 387, 399 Lysaght, M. J., 119, 120, 133 Lythgoe, M. F., 542

m gate, 157

M mode, 353 Maccaferri, G., 165, 175 MacDose, 434

Maciel, H. S., 254 Mackay, J., 398 Mackenzie, D., 47

Mackey, M. C., 264, 266–268, 273–275, 283, 284 Mackie, T. R., 465, 478

MacKinnon, R., 239, 240, 253, 254 Macklem, P. T., 13, 29

MacNeill, B. D., 376, 398 Macovski, A., 451, 479 Macrophage, 216 Macrostate, 52, 55

disordered, 52 nonrandom, 52 ordered, 52 random, 52

Maddock, J. R., 96, 109 Madronich, S., 377, 378, 398 Maer, W., 479

Magleby, K. L., 240 Magnetic dipole, 215

field far from, 522 Magnetic field, 203, 205

crayfish axon, 208 detection, 218 earth, 218

from a current dipole in a conducting sphere, 212 from axon, 208

from depolarizing cell, 210

from point source of current, 207 lines, 205

of a current dipole in a conducting sphere, 221 remanent, 216

Magnetic field intensity, 216 Magnetic moment, 204, 516

and angular momentum, 516 nuclear, 517

torque, 205 Magnetic monopole

absence of, 205 Magnetic permeability, 216 Magnetic resonance imaging

intravascular, 377 Magnetic shielding, 214 Magnetic stimulation, 222

Magnetic susceptibility, 203, 216 Magnetism

and special relativity, 203 Magnetite, 216, 217, 222 Magnetization, 216, 517 Magnetocardiogram, 209, 211 Magnetoencephalogram, 209, 212, 314 Magnetopneumography, 216 Magnetosome, 217, 222, 247, 248 Magnetotactic bacteria, 217

604 Index

MIRD, 481, 489, 494–496, 505 Mitochondria, 2

Mitosis, 458, 459 Mitrani, R. D., 195, 202 Mixing

entropy of, 67 heat of, 68

Modulation transfer function, 328, 390, 450 Modulus

shear, 13 Young’s, 12

Moe, G. K., 268 Mole, 366

Mole fraction, 69 Moller, J. H., 189, 190 Moller, W., 216, 225 99Mo, 497, 498

Molybdenum target x-ray tube, 454 Moment arm, 5, 10

Moment of inertia, 363

Monte Carlo calculation, 367, 369, 425, 494 Montesinos, G. D., 425, 434, 494, 512 Moore, J. W., 274, 284

Moran, J., 120, 133

Moran, P. R., 542 Morin, R., 534 Morrison, P., 3, 29 Morrow, M. N., 202 Morse, P. M., 343, 357 Mortality function, 44 Mortimer, J. T., 202 Mortimer, M., 266, 283

Moseley, H., 380, 398, 474

Moseley, M. E., 536, 542

Moses, H. W., 194, 202 Moskowitz, B. M., 217, 224 Mosley, M. L., 502, 513 Moss, F., 317–319, 323 Moss, W. T., 464 Mossman, K. L., 472, 479 Motamedi, M., 398

Mottle, 452

Motz, J. T., 371, 398

Moulder, J. E., 244, 245, 254, 458, 479 Moulton, K. P., 202

Mouritsen, H., 217, 224 Moy, G., 231, 254 Moyal, D. D., 380, 398

Moyers, M., 466, 467, 479 MR Image

and pulse parameters, 533 Muir, W. A., 224

Multipole expansion, 184 Murphy, C. R., 175 Murphy, E. A., 564 Murphy, M. R., 377, 398 Murray’s law, 27

Murray, J. D., 39, 46, 47 Muscle

gastrocnemius, 6 gluteus medius, 7 gluteus minimis, 7 soleus, 6

Mutual inductance, 223 Myelinated fiber

time and space constants, 161 Myers, K. J., 325, 333, 341 Myocardial cells

and nerve cells compared, 184 repolarization, 179

Myocardial infarct, 36, 44, 211, 376 Myoglobin, 76

Myopia, 389

n gate, 157

Nag, S., 504, 513 Nagai, Y., 283

Nagel, H. D., 457, 458, 479 Narrow-beam geometry, 408 Nath, R., 505, 513

National Institute of Standards and Technology, see NIST

National Nuclear Data Center, 489

National Research Council, 245, 254 Nattel, S., 283

Natural background, 470 Natural logarithm, 549 Navier-Stokes equation, 27 NCRP, 454, 470, 471, 479 Near field, 352 Near-infrared radiation, 369

Near-infrared spectroscopy, 377 Nedbal, L., 294, 295, 323 Negative resistance, 252 Neher, E., 238, 253, 254 Nelson, J. S., 397

Nemoto, I., 224 Neonatal jaundice, 377 Neper, 350

Nephron, 116

Nephrotic syndrome, 116 Nernst equation, 60, 148, 228

sodium, 155 Nernst potential calcium, 170

potassium, 155 sodium, 155

Nernst-Planck equation, 235 Nerve cell, 75

Nerves

Sympathetic and parasympathetic, 185 Nesson, M. H., 247, 254

Nesterenko, V. V., 201

Neunlist, M., 196, 202

Neurotransmitter, 137 Neutrino, 486

rest mass, 486 Neutron therapy, 467

Newhauser, W. D., 466, 467 Newman, E. B., 349, 357 Newton’s law of cooling, 76 Newton’s second law, 10, 49 Newton’s third law, 12 Newton, I., 359

Newtonian fluid, 15, 23, 87 Nicholls, A., 231, 254 Nichols, C. G., 251, 254 Nickel skin allergy, 380 Nickell, S., 367, 398 Nielsen, P., 217, 224 Nijsten, T. E., 381, 399 Nilson, J., 284

Nioka, S., 399

NIST, 410, 414, 423, 441 13N, 502

Noble, D., 165, 175 Nodal escape beats, 185 Node of Ranvier, 136, 160 Noise, 75, 242, 306, 308

1/f, 315

autocorrelation function, 314 Johnson, 242, 312, 314

pink, 315

power spectrum, 314 quantum, 451

shot, 242, 312, 451 source, 313

white, 314

Noise brightness contrast, 451 Noise equivalent quanta, 452 Noise exposure contrast, 451 Nolte, J., 137, 175

Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging, 191 Nonlinear least squares, 288

Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), 380 Norepinephrine, 185

Normal distribution, 568 Normoneva, D. A., 29 Northern Hemisphere, 217 Nuclear force, 483 Nuclear scattering, 421 Nunally, R. L., 534 Nunez, P. L., 196, 202 Nutation, 521, 528 Nyenhuis, J. A., 534, 542 Nyquist frequency, 310

Nyquist sampling criterion, 290 Nyquist, H., 314, 323

O’Brien, D., 41, 47

O’Meara, N. M., 313

Index 605

OATZ, 217 Oberly, L. W., 502

Ocean flounder, 244 Octupole

electric, 484 Odd function, 290

Oellrich, R. G., 377, 398 Oersted, H. C., 203 Ogawa, S., 536, 542 Ohm, 145

Ohm’s law, 145, 182, 190 and current density, 146 anisotropic medium, 191

Okada, T. C., 225 Okada, Y., 225 Oldendorf, W., 455 OLINDA/EXM, 489, 494

One-dimensional flow (mathematical), 262 Open-loop gain, 258

Operating point, 257 approach to, 259

Optical coherence microscopy, 371 Optical coherence tomography, 370, 376 Optical density, 441

and exposure, 475 Optical transfer function, 328 Orban, M., 283

Orbital quantum number, 402 Ordidge, R. J., 542

Orear, J., 288, 323 Organelle, 2 Orthogonality relations

for trigonometric functions, 296 Orton, C., 458, 462, 479 Osmolality, 115

Osmolarity, 115 Osmosis

in ideal gas, 112 in liquid, 114, 117 reverse, 119

Osmotic diuresis, 116 Osmotic flow

di erence from di usion, 111 Osmotic fragility, 117

Osmotic pressure

and capillaries, 115

and chemical potential, 114 and driving pressure, 114 and interstitial fluid, 115 in ideal gas, 114

in liquid, 114 Ossicles, 348 Osteoarthritis, 130, 249 Othmer, J. G., 105, 109 Oudit, G. Y., 185, 202 Oval window, 348, 349 Øverbø, I., 404, 434

606 Index

Oxic-anoxic transition zone, 217 15O, 502

Oxygen consumption, 256 Ozone, 377

P wave, 186, 194 31P, 534

Pacemaker, 192, 194, 267 Pacing electrode, 194 Page, C. H., 214, 224 Paine, P. L., 87, 109

Pair production, 403, 407 free electron, 407

Pajevic, S., 542

Paliwal, B., 478 Palotta, B. S., 240 Panfilov, A. V., 275, 284

Paramagnetism, 215, 216 Paramecium, 1 Parasympathetic nerves, 185 Parathyroid hormone, 279 Parisi, A. V., 380, 398 Parkinson, J. S., 96, 109 Parseval’s theorem, 305 Partial derivative, 57 Partial derivatives

order of di erentiation, 582 Particle Data Group, 486 Particle exchange

equilibrium, 62 Particles per transition, 489 Pascal, 12

Pascual-Leone, A., 225 Patch-clamp recording, 238 Patterson, J. C., 502, 513 Patterson, M. S., 368, 369, 398, 399

Patton, H. D., 20, 29, 116, 122, 133, 135, 137, 148, 175, 257, 284

Paul, C. F., 381, 399

Pauli exclusion principle, 362, 421 Pauli promotion, 421

Payne, J. T., 337 Pearson, W. L., 254 Pecora, R., 372, 397 Pedley, T. J., 29 Pell, G. S., 542 Penetration depth

thermal, 383 Penkoske, P. A., 284 Perfumes, 380 Perfusion, 382 Period doubling, 269

in heart cells, 276 Periodogram, 309

Perkins, D. H., 424, 425, 435 Permeability

hydraulic, 117

magnetic, 216 membrane, 120

Perotti, C., 398

Perrin, J. E., 85 Pertsov, A. M., 275, 284 PET, 502, 536

Peters, R. H., 41, 47

Petrie, R. J., 213, 225

Pfuetzner, R. A., 253 Phagocytosis, 497 Phantom, 494 Phase, 289

resetting, 264–267 singularity, 283 space, 263

Phase encoding, 528, 530 Phase transfer function, 328 Phased array, 353

Phelps, M. E., 501, 502, 511, 513 Phenobarbital, 44 Phenothiazines, 379 Phlebotomy, 119

Phosphate, 278 Phosphorescence, 364 Photochemotherapy, 381 Photoelectric e ect, 403, 404 Photographic emulsion, 424 Photometry, 383 Photomultiplier tube, 500 Photon, 360

attenuation coe cient, 409 characteristic, 410 di usion constant, 367 exitance, 384

fluence, 384 fluence rate, 384 fluorescence, 410 flux, 384

flux exposure, 384 flux intensity, 384 flux irradiance, 384 flux radiance, 384 secondary, 413, 429

Photon absorption, 365 Photon scattering, 365 Photons, 244 Photopheresis, 381 Photopic vision, 387 Photosynthesis, 67, 294

in aquatic plants, 394 Physiological recruitment, 200 Pi pulse, 521

Pi/2 pulse, 524

Pickard, W. F., 244, 254 Pierpaoli, C., 542 Piezoelectric transducer, 350 Pigeon, 217, 222

Pilkington, T. C., 202 Pillon, M., 398 Pillsbury, D. M., 378 Pinna, 348

Pirenne, M. H., 390, 391, 398, 399 Pires, M. A., 224

Pituitary, 256, 277 Planck’s constant, 244, 360 Plane wave, 344, 386 Plaque, 376

vulnerable, 376 Plasma, 37 Plasmon, 418 Plasticity, 196 Platt, J., 478

Platzman, R. L., 440, 479

Plonsey, R., 20, 153, 154, 160, 175, 177, 182–184, 191, 193, 199, 201, 202, 209, 284

Plug flow, 535 Pneumothorax, 448 Pogue, B. W., 369, 399 Poincar´e, J. H., 263 Point charge, 139

Point-spread function, 327, 390

for an ideal imaging system, 327 Poise (unit of viscosity), 15 Poiseuille flow, 17, 20, 123

departures from, 22 Poiseuille, J. L. M., 17

Poisson distribution, 366, 391, 571 and shot noise, 242

Poisson equation, 230 Poisson statistics

in cancer incidence, 471 in cell survival, 463

in image, 451

in photon fluence, 457 in radiation damage, 460

Poisson’s ratio, 27 Poisson-Boltzmann equation, 230

analytic solution, 250 linearized, 230

Polacin, A., 479

Polarization, 372 electric, 234

of dielectric, 143 Polarized light, 371

Polk, C., 244, 247, 248, 254 Polonsky, K. S., 313 Polynomial

regression, 288 Pontvert, D., 478

Poon, T. S. C., 380, 399

Positron, 403, 407, 414 decay, 485

Positron emission tomgraphy, 502 Postow, E., 254

Index 607

Postulates of statistical mechanics, 55 Potassium channels

shaker, 241 slow, 185

Potassium conductance, 156 Potassium gate, 157

Potassium Nernst potential, 155 Potential

electric, 141 outside axon, 177

transmembrane, 196

Potential Alpha Energy Concentration (PEAC) (unit), 505

Potential di erence, 142

and ion concentration, 228 Potential energy, 141

Potish, R. A., 479

Potts, T. J., 398

Powell, C. F., 424, 425, 435 Power, 10, 11, 146

Power law, 39

Power spectral density (PSD), 309 Blackman-Tukey method, 309 magnetic noise, 314 periodogram, 309

Power spectrum, 297 Power, average, 304 Pratt, R. H., 407, 435

Prausnitz, J. M., 67, 79, 87, 108 Precession, 518

Precordial leads, 188 Predator-prey problem, 46

Press, W. H., 105, 109, 182, 201, 202, 208, 209, 225, 285, 289, 295, 308, 309, 323, 339, 341

Pressure, 13 diastolic, 20 systolic, 20

Preston, W., 479 Prevalence of disease, 44 Price, R. E., 434

Price, R. R., 536, 542 Prickle layer, 378

Principal quantum number, 402 Probability, 50

binomial, 51 Product

cross, 5 dot, 11 scalar, 11 vector, 5

Projection, 501

Projection reconstruction, 528, 530 Projection theorem, 331 Projections, 331

Prokaryotes, 2 Proportional counter, 444 Protein, 2

608 Index

Proton therapy, 466 Protoplast, 2 Protozoans, 1

PRU (peripheral resistance unit), 20 Pryde, J. A., 87, 109

Pryor, T. A., 323 Psoralen, 381 Psoriasis, 381 Pterygium, 381

Puliafito, C. A., 370, 398 Pulmonary embolus, 500 Pulse echo techniques, 352 Pulse oximeter, 369 Punske, B. B., 211, 225 Pupil, 388

Pupil size, 274 Purcell, C. J., 211, 225

Purcell, E. M., 22, 29, 96, 107–109, 203, 207, 215, 225, 519

Puri, S., 435

Purkinje fibers, 185, 268 PUVA, 381

Pyramidal cells, 221

Q10, 74, 157, 159 QRS wave, 186, 194 Qu, Z., 283 Quadrupole

electric, 484 magnetic, 516

Quality factor, 468 Quantum mottle, 452 Quantum number, 53 Quantum numbers

atomic electrons, 361 rotational, 363 vibrational, 364

Quasiperiodicity, 271 Quatrefoil pattern, 211 Qu´ebec, 473

Quinine water, 379

RADAR (Radiation Group Assessment Resource), 489, 495

Radial isochron clock, 265, 266, 281 Radian, 543

Radiance, 384, 386 Radiant

energy, 383, 384 exposure, 384 flux, 384 intensity, 383, 384 power, 383, 384

Radiation

biological e ects, 457 electromagnetic, 244 natural background, 470

risk, 468

weighting factor, 468 Radiation chemical yield, 439 Radiation damage

type A, 460, 462 type B, 460, 462

Radiation equilibrium, 428 Radiation risk model

hormesis, 472

linear non-threshold, 471 threshold, 472

Radiation therapy, 464 conformal, 465 electron, 465

intensity-modulated, 465 Radiation yield, 424, 437 Radiative transition, 410 Radiobiology, 457 Radiochromic film, 445 Radiograph, 446 Radiographic signal, 451 Radioimmunoassay, 481 Radioimmunotherapy, 504 Radiometry, 383 Radiopharmaceuticals, 495 Radiotherapy

internal, 504 226Ra, 505 Radius

atomic, 482 nuclear, 482

Radon, 469, 470, 472 222Rn, 505

Radon transformation, 333 Railroad tracks, 42 Raizner, A. E., 504, 513

Ramachandran, G. N., 335, 341 Raman scattering, 371

Raman spectroscopy, 377 Ramirez, R. J., 202 Random walk, 100 Range, 414, 423

Ranvier

node of, 136 Rao, D. V., 513 Rao, P. Y., 434 Rappoport, S. I., 117

Rardon, D. P., 194, 195, 202 Rasmusson, R. L., 201 Ratchet and pawl, 318 Rattay, F., 200, 202 Rayleigh scattering, 407 RBE, 468

Reactance, 346 Reaction-di usion process, 105 Receptor

mechanical, 136

stretch, 135 temperature, 135

Receptor field, 390 Reckwerdt, P., 465, 478

Reconstruction from projections filtered back projections, 332 Fourier transform, 331

Recruitment physiological, 200

Rectification anomalous, 251

Rectifier channels, 236 Red blood cell, 3, 24 Red cells, 117

Reddy, A. K. N., 234, 253 Reddy, R., 254

Reduced mass, 363

Reduced scattering coe cient, 367 Reentrant circuit, 186, 195, 198 Reference action spectrum, 379 Reflection, 388

total internal, 396 Reflection at a boundary, 347

Reflection coe cient, 118, 120, 347 pore model, 127

Refraction, 388

Refractory period, 158, 173, 186 Regression

linear, 287 polynomial, 288

Rehm, K., 503, 504, 513 Reich, P., 46, 47

Reif, F., 50, 53, 55, 64, 79, 86, 109, 563 Relative biological e ectiveness, 468 Relative risk, 245

Relativity special, 482

Relaxation oscillator, 185 Relaxation time

experimental, 524 longitudinal, 518, 523 non-recoverable, 524

spin-lattice, see Relaxation time, longitudinal spin-spin, see Relaxation time, transverse thermal, 382

transverse, 518, 523 rem (unit), 468

Remanent magnetic field, 216 Renal arteries, 456

Renal dialysis, 116 Renal tubules, 122 Repeller, 262 Repolarization, 136, 185 Reservoir, 58, 65 Residence time, 490 Residuals, 286 Resistance, 145

Index 609

parallel and series, 147 vascular, 20

Resnick, R., 7, 29, 142, 175, 216, 218, 224, 363, 364, 373, 375, 398, 483, 486, 487, 513

Resolution

and spatial frequency, 329 Respiration of glucose, 67 Response

impulse, 326 Rest energy, 482 Rest mass, 405 Restenosis, 504

Resting potential, 136

atrial and ventricular cells, 184 Restitution, 282

Restricted linear collision stopping power, 423 Retina, 381, 388

Reversal potential, 237, 238, 251 Reverse osmosis, 119

Reversible process, 65 Reynolds number, 22, 29, 45 Rheobase, 171, 193 Ribberfors, R., 434 Richards, W. O., 213, 225 Rieke, F., 392, 399

Riggs, D. S., 39, 47, 256, 278, 279, 284 Right ventricular hypertrophy, 189 Rinaldo, A., 47

Risk

excess, 470 models, 471 relative, 245

Ritchie, R. H., 435

Ritenour, E. R., 343, 352, 355, 357, 446, 447, 450, 454– 456, 478

Rivabella, L., 398 Robinson, D. K., 289, 323 Rodriguez, J., 332, 341 Rods (retinal), 387, 390 Roentgen (unit), 440, 475 Roll-o , 312

Rollins, A. M., 371, 399 Romani, G.L., 225

Romberg integration, 182, 209 Romer, R. H., 42, 214, 225 Rose, A., 392, 399 Rosenbaum, D. S., 196, 202 Rossi, B., 406, 435

Rossi, C. J., 479 Rossi-Fanelli, A., 76 Rossman, K., 442, 478

Rotating coordinate system, 519 Rotation matrices, 519, 538

Roth, B. J., 192, 195, 202, 208, 212, 214, 218, 221–226 Rottenberg, D. A., 513

Round window, 349

Rowlands, J. A., 446, 450, 454, 478, 479

610 Index

Roy, S.C., 435

Rudy, Y., 158, 175, 191, 202 Ruohonen, J., 214, 224

Rushton, W. A. H., 153, 160, 171, 175 Ruta, V., 254

RVH, see Right ventricular hypertrophy Ryman, J. C., 498, 513

SA node, 164, 185, 194 Safety in MRI, 534 Saint-Jalmes, H., 371, 399 Sakane, K. K., 254 Sakitt, B., 392, 399

Sakmann, B., 238, 253, 254 Salles-Cunha, S. X., 542 Saltatory conduction, 160 Sands, M., 323

Sap flow, 27

SAR, see Specific absorption rate Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 105 Sarvas, J., 221, 225

Sastry, K. S. R., 500, 513 Sato, S., 224, 225 Saturation, 216

Savage, V. M., 41, 47, 79 Savannah sparrow, 217 Scalar, 545

Scalar product, 11 Scaling, 40 Scattering

coherent, 403, 407 Compton, 403, 405 incoherent, 403, 406 inelastic, 403 nuclear, 421 Raman, 403 Rayleigh, 407 Thomson, 406

Scattering coe cient reduced, 367

Scattering cross section, see Cross section Schaefer, B. E., 378, 399

Schaefer, D. J., 534, 542 Schaper, K. A., 513

Scher, A. M., 29, 133, 175, 278, 284 Scherr, P., 87, 109

Schey, H. M., 84, 89, 97, 109, 138, 175, 577 Schlaer, S., 390, 391, 398

Schlesinger, T. E., 445, 479 Schlienger, P., 478 Schmidt, T., 479

Schmidt-Nielsen, K., 46, 47, 122, 131, 133 Schmitt, F., 533, 542

Schmitt, J. M., 370, 399

Schmitt, O. H., 245, 254 Schneider, J. A., 202 Schneider, U., 479

Schneidermann, R., 133 Schr¨odinger equation, 49 Schroter, S. T., 29

Schueler, B. A., 468, 469, 479 Schultz, J. S., 128, 133 Schulz, R. J., 463, 479 Schuman, J. S., 370, 398 Schwan, H. P., 246, 253 Schwartz, D., 72

Schwartz, L., 478 Schwiegerling, J., 398 Scintillation camera, 500 Scintillation detector, 442, 500 Scotopic vision, 387, 390, 454 Scott, A. C., 150, 154, 175

Scott, R. L., 67, 79, 87, 108, 114, 133 Scoumis, E. A., 542

Screen

intensifying, 441 Screening

atomic electron (charge), 403 Scribner, B. H., 133

Second law of thermodynamics, 70 Sedimentation velocity, 26

Seed, W. A., 29 Seibert, J. A., 446, 479

Selection rules, 362–364, 438, 484 Self-di usion, 90

Self-similarity, 270

Seltzer, S. M., 414, 434, 435, 448, 478 Semicircular canals, 349 Semiconductor detector, 445

Semilog paper, 34 Semipermeable membrane, 111 Sepulveda, N. G., 195, 202 Sequestration, 497

Serruys, P. W., 399 Setton, L. A., 29 Sevick, E. M., 369, 399 Seymour, R. S., 41, 47 Sha, Q., 254 Shabashon, L., 458, 479 Shadley, J. D., 458, 479 Shadowitz, A., 207, 225 Shafer, K. E., 371, 398 Shaker channels, 239 Shani, G., 445, 479 Shapiro, E. M., 250, 254 Shapiro, L., 96, 109 Shark

and earth’s magnetic field, 220 Shaw, R., 329, 341, 452, 478

Shear modulus, 13 Shear rate, 15

Shellock, F. G., 534, 542 Shells

atomic, 402