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Handbook of Biomedical

Image Analysis

TOPICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

INTERNATIONAL BOOK SERIES

Series Editor: Evangelia Micheli-Tzanakou

Rutgers University

Piscataway, New Jersey

Signals and Systems in Biomedical Engineering:

Signal Processing and Physiological Systems Modeling

Suresh R. Devasahayam

Models of the Visual System

Edited by George K. Hung and Kenneth J. Ciuffreda

PDE and Level Sets: Algorithmic Approaches to Static and Motion Imagery

Edited by Jasjit S. Suri and Swamy Laxminarayan

Frontiers in Biomedical Engineering:

Proceedings of the World Congress for Chinese Biomedical Engineers Edited by Ned H.C. Hwang and Savio L-Y. Woo

Handbook of Biomedical Image Analysis:

Volume I: Segmentation Models Part A

Edited by Jasjit S. Suri, David L. Wilson, and Swamy Laxminarayan

Handbook of Biomedical Image Analysis:

Volume II: Segmentation Models Part B

Edited by Jasjit S. Suri, David L. Wilson, and Swamy Laxminarayan

Handbook of Biomedical Image Analysis:

Volume III: Registration Models

Edited by Jasjit S. Suri, David L. Wilson, and Swamy Laxminarayan

A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

Handbook of Biomedical

Image Analysis

Volume I: Segmentation Models Part A

Edited by

Jasjit S. Suri

Department of Biomedical Engineering

Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland, Ohio

David L. Wilson

Department of Biomedical Engineering

Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland, Ohio

and

Swamy Laxminarayan

Institute of Rural Health

Idaho State University

Pocatello, Idaho

Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers

New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow

ISBN 0-306-48550-8 eISBN 0-306-48551-6 set ISBN: 0-387-23126-9

2005 Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York

233 Spring Street, New York, New York 10013

http://www.wkap.nl/

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A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Permissions for books published in Europe: permissions@wkap.nl

Permissions for books published in the United States of America: permissions@wkap.com

Printed in the United States of America

Jasjit Suri would like to dedicate this handbook to

his youngest uncle Paramjeet Chadha and his immediate family: his late sister Sharan, his late brother Amarjeet, and his

late parents Kulwant Kaur and Udam S. Chadha (Fellow of Royal Institute of London).

David Wilson would like to dedicate this handbook to his family and students.

Swamy Laxminarayan would like to dedicate

this book in memory of his beloved parents who were a constant source of inspiration in his life and to his in-laws Corie and Derk Zwakman for their genuine sense

of family attachments and friendship.

Contributors

Alessandro Sarti, Ph.D.

University of Bologna

Bologna, Italy

Aly A. Farag, Ph.D.

University of Louisville

Louisville, KY, USA

Andrew Laine, Ph.D.

Columbia University

New York, NY, USA

Avdhesh Sharma, Ph.D.

Indian Institute of Delhi

New Delhi, India

Ayman ElBaz, M.S.

University of Louisville

Louisville, KY, USA

David Chopp, Ph.D.

Northwestern University

Chicago, IL, USA

David E. Breen, Ph.D.

Drexel University

Philadelphia, PA, USA

David L. Wilson, Ph.D.

Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland, OH, USA

Elsa Angelini, Ph.D.

Columbia University

New York, NY, USA

Fiorella Sgallari, Ph.D.

University of Bologna

Bologna, Italy

Gilson A. Giraldi, Ph.D.

National Laboratory for Scientific Computing

Petropolis,´ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Hossam Hassan, M.S.

University of Louisville

Louisville, KY, USA

Jasjit S. Suri, Ph.D.

Case Western Reserve University

Cleveland, OH, USA

Karol Mikula, Ph.D.

Slovak University of Technology

Bratislava, Slovakia

Ken Museth, Ph.D.

Linkoeping University

Norrkoeping, Sweden

Koon-Pong Wong, Ph.D.

Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong

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Contributors

Leandro S. Marturelli, B.S.

Rakesh Sharma, Ph.D.

National Laboratory for Scientific

Columbia University

Computing

New York, NY, USA

Petropolis,´ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

 

 

Rodrigo L. S. Silva, M.Sc.

Leonid Zhukov, Ph.D.

National Laboratory for Scientific

Computing

California Institute of Technology

Petropolis,´ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Pasadena, CA, USA

 

 

Ross Whitaker, Ph.D.

Mahmed N. Ahmed, Ph.D.

University of Utah

Lexmark International Inc.,

Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Lexington, KY, USA

 

 

Sameer Singh, Ph.D.

Majid Mirmehdi, Ph.D.

University of Exeter

Exeter, UK

University of Bristol

 

Bristol, UK

Swamy Laxminarayan, Dsc.

 

 

State University of Idaho

Misael Rosales, Ph.D.

Pocatello, ID, USA

Universidad de los Andes

 

Merida/Venezuela´

Xiaoping Shen, Ph.D.

 

Ohio University

Paulo S. Rodrigues, Ph.D.

Athens, OH, USA

 

National Laboratory for Scientific

Xianghua Xie, M.S.

Computing

University of Bristol

Petropolis,´ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Bristol, UK

 

Petia Raveda, Ph.D.

Yinpeng Jin, Ph.D.

Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona

Columbia University

Barcelona, Spain

New York, NY, USA

Acknowledgments

This book is the result of collective endeavor of several noted engineering and computer scientists, mathematicians, medical doctors, physicists, and radiologists. The editors are indebted to all of their efforts and outstanding scientific contributions. The editors are particularly grateful to Drs. Petia Reveda, Alex Falco, Andrew Laine, David Breen, David Chopp, C. C. Lu, Gary Christensen, Dirk Vandermeulen, Aly Farag, Alejandro Frangi, Gilson Antonio Giraldi, Gabor Szekely, Pierre Hellier, Gabor Herman, Ardeshir Coshtasby, Jan Kybic, Jeff Weiss, Jean-Claude Klein, Majid Mirmehdi, Maria Kallergi, Yangming Zhu, Sunanda Mitra, Sameer Singh, Alessandro Sarti, Xioping Shen, Calvin R. Maurer, Jr., Yoshinobu Sato, Koon-Pong Wong, Avdhesh Sharma, Rakesh Sharma, and Chun Yuan and their team members for working with us so closely in meeting all of the deadlines of the book. They would like to express their appreciation to Kluwer Publishers for helping create this invitational handbook. They are particularly thankful to Aaron Johnson, the acquisition editor and Shoshana Sternlicht for their excellent coordination for the book at every stage.

Dr. Suri would like to thank Philips Medical Systems, Inc. for the MR datasets and encouragements during his experiments and research. Special thanks are due to Dr. Larry Kasuboski and Dr. Elaine Keeler at Philips Medical Systems, Inc. for their support and motivations. Thanks are also due to his past Ph.D. committee research professors, particularly Professors Linda Shapiro, Robert M. Haralick, Dean Lytle and Arun Somani, for their encouragements.

We extend our appreciations to Drs. Ajit Singh, Siemens Medical Systems, George Thoma, chief, Imaging Science Division at the National Institutes of Health, Dr. Sameer Singh, University of Exeter, UK for his motivations. Special thanks go to the book series editor, Professor Evangelia Micheli Tzanakou for advising us on all aspects of the book.

We thank the IEEE Press, Academic Press, Springer-Verlag Publishers, and several medical and engineering journals publishers for permitting us to use some of the images previously published in these journals.

Finally, Jasjit Suri would like to thank my wife Malvika Suri for all the love and support she has showered over the years and to our baby Harman

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Acknowledgments

whose presence is always a constant source of pride and joy. I also express my gratitude to my father, a mathematician, who inspired me throughout my life and career, and to my late mother, who most unfortunately passed away a few days before my Ph.D. graduation, and who so much wanted to see me write this book. Special thanks to Pom Chadha and his family, who taught me life is not just books. He is one of my best friend. I would like to also thank my in-laws who have a special place for me in their hearts and have shown lots of love and care for me.

David Wilson would like to acknowledge the support of the department of biomedical engineering. Case Western Reserve University in this endeavor. Special thanks are due to the many colleagues and students who make research in biomedical engineering an exciting, wondrous endeavor.

Swamy Laxminarayan would like to express my loving acknowledgments to my wife Marijke and to my kids, Malini and Vinod, for always giving the strength of mind amidst all life’s frustrations. The book kindies fondest memories of my late parents who made many personal sacrifices that helped shape our careers and the support of my family members who were always there for me when I needed them most. I have shared many ideas and thoughts on the book with numerous of my friends and colleagues in the discipline. I acknowledge their friendship, feedbacks, and discussions with particular thanks to Professor David Kristol of the New Jersey Institute of Technology. Peter Brett of Ashton University, Ewart Carson of the City University, London, Laura Roa of the University of Sevilla in Spain, and Jean Louis Coatrieux of the University of Rennes in France for their constant support over the past two decades.