Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology - Russell K. Hobbie & Bradley J. Roth

Corry, B., 254

Cortisol, 321 Cosset, J. M., 478

Coster-Kronig transition, 411, 500 Cotton, P., 376, 397

Coulomb, 137 Coulomb’s Law, 137 Countercurrent exchange

and heat loss, 132 Countercurrent transport, 121 Coupling medium, 355 Coursey, B. M., 505, 513 Covino, B. G., 163, 175

Cox, J. D., 464 Crank, J., 91, 100, 108 Crasemann, B., 434

Creatinine clearance test, 44 Cristy, M., 513

Critical damping, 558 Cromer, D. T., 434 Cross correlation

and signal averaging, 309 Cross product, 5

Cross section, 86, 365 di erential, 366 energy transfer, 407 scattering, 366 total, 366

Cross-correlation function, 298 Crouzy, S. C., 243, 253 Crowder, S. W., 136, 175 Crowe, E., 488, 489, 494, 513 Crowell, J. W., 274, 284 Crues, J. V., 542

CSDA, 423 CT, 455

Cuevas, J. M., 502

Cu n, B. N., 224 Cumulated activity, 488, 489

Cumulated mean activity per unit mass, 492 Curie (unit), 489

Curie temperature, 216 Curl, 213

in di erent coordinate systems, 578 Curran, P. F., 120, 133

Current bound, 216

electric, 145 free, 216 total, 16 volume, 16, 81

Current density, 16 electric, 145 Current dipole, 179

electric and magnetic measurements compared, 210

in spherical conductor, 221

Index 591

Current dipole moment, 180 of the heart, 186

Current source, 178 potential due to, 178

Cyclic GMP, 392 Cylindrical coordinates, 578 Cystic fibrosis, 566 Cytokinesis, 459

da Luz, L. C. Q. P., 489, 513 da Silva, F. C., 495, 513 Dainty, J. C., 452, 478 Dall’Amico, R., 398

Damage, see Radiation damage Danish, E. H., 224

Dasari, R. R., 371, 398 Data

surrogate, 316, 317 Davidenko, J. M., 186, 201 Davidson, H., 399

Davis, L., 153, 175, 284 de Araujo, F. F., 217, 224 De Boer, J. F., 371, 397 De Kepper, P., 283

de la Rosette, J., 542 De Stefano, P., 398

Dead-time correction, 510 Death rate, 35, 38, 43 Debye, 168

Debye length, 230 Debye–H¨uckel model, 231 Decay

constant, 33 exponential, 33 Multiple paths, 37 rate, 33

variable, 35

with constant input, 38 Decibel, 311, 347

Declercq, E. R., 323 Deexcitation

atomic, 410

DeFelice, L. J., 242, 253, 307, 323 De eyes, K. S., 217, 224 Defibrillation, 72

Defibrillator, 192, 195 Degeneracy, 59

Degrees of freedom, 53, 55, 265 Del Fante, C., 398

Delaney, C., 332, 341

Delannoy, J., 536, 542 Delay-di erential equation, 272, 275 Delayed rectifier channels, 238 Delmar, M., 184, 201

Delta function, 304 Delta rays, 424

Demand pacemaker, 200

592 Index

den Boer, J. A., 527, 533, 542 Dendrites, 135

in cerebral cortex, 212 Denier van der Gon, J. J., 195 Denk, W., 243, 253

Dennis, S. S., 158, 165, 175 Denny, E. W., 480

Denny, M. W., 15, 29, 61, 75–77, 79, 107, 108, 345, 346, 350, 357, 394, 397

Density current, 16 optical, 441

Density e ect, 420, 422 Density gradient separation, 26 Density of states factor, 59 Density-weighted image, 533 Denyer, J. C., 175

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 3, 24 Department of Energy, 471 Dephasing, 519, 523 Depolarization, 136

Depth of field, 390 Derivative, partial, 57 Dermis, 380

Deserno, W. M., 542

Detecting weak magnetic fields, 218 Detective quantum e ciency (DQE), 452 Detector

thin-film transistor, 450 Detriment, 468

Deuteron, 484

DeVita, V. T., 463, 478 DeWerd, L. A., 446 Dextrose, 130

Di Diego, J. M., 201 Diabetes, 312 Dialysis, 116

renal, 120 Diamagnetism, 215, 216 Diamantopoulos, L., 399 Diastole, 20

Diastolic interval, 282 Diathermy, 350 Diatomic molecule, 362

DiChiro, G., 455, 457, 478 Dickerson, R. H., 77, 79 Dielectric, 143

saturation, 233 Dielectric constant, 144

lipid, 144

lipid bilayer, 163 water, 144

Diem, M., 372, 397 Di erential equation

characteristic equation, 557 homogeneous and inhomogeneous, 557 linear, 557

non-linear, 263 second order, 558

Di ey, B. L., 378–380, 397, 398 Di usion, 85, 119, 541

and capacitance, 165

and chemical reaction, 105 and drift, 98

and electrotonus, 171 anisotropic, 104

as random walk, 100

between concentric spheres, 166 between two spheres, 166 circular disk, 166

constant, 88

in one dimension, 93

in three dimensions, 93, 101 in two dimensions, 93, 101 of photons, 367

of spins in MRI, 536 self, 90

sphere to infinity, 166 tensor, 104, 537 time-dependent, 368

to a cell producing or absorbing a substance, 96 to or from a disk, 94, 106

to or from a spherical cell, 94 trace (of tensor), 537, 541 with a bu er, 105

Di usion constant and viscosity, 89

determination of, 100 e ective, 105 photon, 367

vs. molecular weight, 90 Di usion equation, 91

general solution, 99 DiFrancesco, D., 165, 175 Digital detector, 446

storage phosphor, 446 thin-film transistor, 446

Digital subtraction angiography, 453 Dillman, L. T., 485, 487–489, 498, 513 Dimethylchlortetracycline, 379

Dini, G., 398 Diopter (unit), 389 Dipole

electric, 484

energy in a magnetic field, 516 magnetic, 484, 516

Dipole moment electric, 168, 233

Dirac, P. A. M., 304 Direct radiography, 450

Discrete Fourier transform, 291 Disease, incidence and prevalence, 44 Dispersion, 562

Displacement, 3, 545

Displacement current, 207 Ditto, W. L., 276, 283, 284 Diuresis, 117

Divergence, 84

in di erent coordinate systems, 578 Dixon, R. L., 523, 534, 542

Dizon, A. E., 225 DNA, 74, 459, 461, 500 Dobson unit, 378

Dog bone, 196 Dogfish, 244

Doi, K., 442, 451, 478, 479 Donnan equilibrium, 227 Doppler e ect, 353, 370 Dose

absorbed, 427 e ective, 469 entrance, 441 equivalent, 468 exit, 441

Dose equivalent, 468 Dose factor, 489 Dose fractions, 461 Dose rate

in photochemistry, 395 Dot product, 11

Doubling time, 34 Douglas, J. G., 467, 478 Doyle, D. A., 239, 253 Drift, 85

and di usion, 98 Driving force, 88, 90 Driving pressure, 114, 118 Droplet keratopathy, 381

Drosophilia melanogaster, 239 Drost, D. J., 542

Dubois, A., 399 Ducros, M. G., 397 Duda, J., 542

Duderstadt, J. J., 368, 398 Du y, H. S., 201

Duncan, W., 467, 478 Dunn, R. A., 225

Durbin, R. P., 127, 128, 133 Dye

voltage-sensitive, 196 Dyer, A. G., 398 Dynamical system, 265 Dysplasia, 378

e, definition of, 33 Eames, C. and R., 29 Ear, 348

canal, 348 drum, 348

external, middle, inner, 348 inner, 243

Index 593

mechanoreceptors, 243 ossicles, 348 sensitivity, 347

Early-responding tissue, 461, 462 Echo planar imaging (EPI), 532 Eckerman, K. F., 489, 498, 513 Eddy currents, 214

Edema, 116

and osmotic pressure, 116 cerebral, 116, 129 pulmonary, 119

Edge-spread function, 329 Edwards, F. M., 477, 479

EEG, 196, see Electroencephalogram average reference recording, 196

E ective dose, 469 Eidelman, S., 486 Einstein (unit), 393 Einthoven’s triangle, 188

Eisberg, R., 216, 218, 224, 364, 483, 486, 487, 513 Eisberg, R. M., 364

Eisenman, G., 108 Ejection fraction, 501 Ekstrand, K. E., 542 Elastography, 376

Electric dipole moment, 233 Electric displacement, 207 Electric field

definition, 138 Electrical potential, 141 Electrical stimulation, 192 Electrocardiogram, 177

and solid angle theorem, 198 leads, 187

left ventricular hypertrophy, 189 normal, 189

R-R interval, 199

right bundle branch block, 189 right ventricular hypertrophy, 189

Electrode

anodal, 194, 200 cathodic, 194, 200 pacing, 194, 199 spherical, 170

Electrode heating

during magnetic stimulation, 222 in a changing magnetic field, 222

Electroencephalogram, 177, 196, 201, 212, 309 Electromagnetic spectrum, 360 Electromagnetic wave, 360

Electromotive force, 214 Electromyogram, 177, 192, 310 Electron

Auger, 410 classical radius, 406

for radiation therapy, 465 rest energy, 407

594 Index

rest mass, 407 Electron capture, 488 Electron volt, 57, 144, 360 Electroporation, 244 Electrosurgery, 170 Electrotonus, 153, 161 Eller, M. S., 398

Elliott, D. M., 27, 29 Elliston, C. D., 472, 477 Elson, H. R., 466 Embedding, 316

dimension, 316 time lag, 316

Emission

spontaneous and stimulated, 522 Emissivity, 373, 375

of skin, 375 Emmetropia, 389 End-plate potential, 573

Endocardial and epicardial membrane currents, 184 Endoplasmic reticulum, 105

Energy

equipartition theorem, 60 fluence, 382, 384, 385 fluence rate, 384, 385 imparted, 426, 427 ionization, 362, 403 kinetic, 10

lost and imparted, 423 radiant, 383 transferred, 426

net, 428 Energy exchange, 56 Energy level, 53 Energy levels, 56, 361

atomic electron, 402 band, 372

hydrogen atom, 361 rotational, 363 splitting, 372 vibrational, 364

Energy spectrum of a pulse, 304

of exponential pulse, 305 Energy-momentum relationship

relativistic, 405 Engdahl, J. C., 501, 513 Englehardt, R., 224 Enquist, B. J., 47 Ensemble, 50

Ensemble and time averages, 56 Ensemble average, 52

Enthalpy, 68 Entrainment, 266, 281 Entropy, 58, 64

ideal gas, 76, 77 of mixing, 67

Entry region, 22 Enzyme, 74

Eosinophilic granuloma, 503 Epicardium, 191 Epidemiological studies, 245 Epidermis, 378

Epiphysis, 7, 9, 501

Epstein, A. E., 275, 276, 283 Epstein, I. R., 283

Equal anisotropy ratios, 192 Equilibrium

approach to, 259 charged-particle, 428

transient, 429 di usive, 62

in volume exchange, 63 particle, 62

radiation, 428 rotational, 4 thermal, 56, 62 translational, 3

Equilibrium absorbed dose constant, 489, 494 Equilibrium and steady state

distinction, 55 Equilibrium constant, 67 Equilibrium state, 52 Equipartition of energy, 60, 61 Equivalent dose, 468

Ergodic hypothesis, 56 Erhardt, J. C., 502 Erne, S. N., 225

Error

mean square, 286

Error function, 100, 154, 171, 193, 199 Erythema, 379, 395

Erythrocyte, 2, 117 Escape peak, 442

Escherichia coli, 2, 96 Esenaliev, R. O., 371, 398 Esselle, K. P., 214, 224 Essenpreis, M., 398 Ethanol, 44

Eukaryotes, 2 Eustachian tube, 348

Evans, R. D., 438, 478, 486, 513 Evans, S. J., 284

Even function, 290

Evoked response, 196, 212, 308 Excess absolute risk, 470 Excess relative risk, 470 Excitable media, 282

waves in, 275 Exit dose, 441 Exitance, 384, 385 Expectation value, 367 Exponent, 549 Exponential

complex, 291 decay, 33 function, 32 growth, 31

Exponentials, fitting, 38 Exposure, 440 Exposure contrast, 451 Extensive variables, 64 Exterior potential

and electrocardiogram, 180 and solid angle, 181 arbitrary pulse, 182 cardiac depolarization, 179 from action potential, 181 from depolarization, 180

general case far from axon, 183 nerve impulse, 179

ratio to interior, 180 Extinction coe cient, 394 Extracellular fluid, 136 Extracorporeal photopheresis, 381 Eye

emmetropic (normal), 389 human, 388

hypermetropic (farsighted), 389 insect, 387

myopic (near-sighted), 389 resolution, 390

under water, 397

Factorial, 563

Fainting, 194

False negative, 564, 579 False positive, 564, 579 Far field, 352

Faraci, M., 398 Farad, 143

Faraday constant, 60

Faraday induction law, 213, 524 Farmer, J., 369, 398

Farr, P. M., 379, 398 Farrell, D. E., 224 Farrell, T. J., 398

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), 295, 321 Fatt, I., 107, 108

F´ed´eration CECOS, 72 Feedback

carbon dioxide regulation, 256 loop, 255

negative, 255

one time constant, 259 positive, 255

steady-state conditions, 256 summary, 273

time constant and fixed delay, 272 two time constants, 262

Feinstein, A. R., 564

Index 595

Feld, M. S., 371, 398

Feldman, E. S., 224

Felmlee, J. P., 542 Femur, 7

Fenton, F. H., 284 Ferrimagnetism, 216 Ferromagnetism, 216 Ferrous sulfate, 445 Feynman’s ratchet, 318 Feynman, R., 318, 323 Fibrillation

ventricular, 195 Fibula, 6

Fick tracer method, 103 Fick’s law, 88, 91, 99

Fick’s second law, 230, 367, 382 Field

radiation treatment, 464 Field of view, 329

Film

as x-ray detector, 440 gamma, 441 graininess, 452 speed, 441

Film-screen combination, 450 Filtration

of x-rays, 446 Filtration coe cient, 117 Finite-element method, 191 Fink, R. W., 434

First law of thermodynamics, 53 Fischer, R., 224

Fish

breathing, 76 Fish gills, 122

Fisher, H. L., 495, 496, 513 Fishman, H. M., 244, 252, 254 Fishman, R. A., 116, 133 Fission

nuclear, 484, 497

Fit

linear, 287 polynomial, 287

Fitzgerald, A. J., 372, 398, 399 FitzHugh–Nagumo model, 281 Fitzmaurice, M., 371, 398 Fixed point

stable, 262 unstable, 262

Flannery, B. P., 109, 202, 225, 323, 341 Flotte, T., 398

Flounder ocean, 244

Flow

laminar, 15 Poiseuille, 17 total, 16

596 Index

Flow (mathematical), one dimensional, 262 Flow e ects (in MRI), 535

Flow rate, 81 Fluence

energy, 382, 412 particle, 81, 367, 412 photon, 367

volume, 81 Fluence rate, 81, 367

volume, 16, 117 Fluid

Newtonian, 15, 87 Fluorescein, 380

Fluorescence, 196, 364, 403, 410 Fluorescence yield, 411, 413, 492 18F, 488, 492, 502

fluorodeoxyglucose, 502 Fluoroscopy, 454

for fitting shoes, 475 Flux, 81

total, 16 volume, 81

Flux density, 81 volume, 16

Flux transporter (magnetic), 218 Flynn, E., 225

Focal length, 388 Follicle-stimulating hormone, 322 Food consumption, 40

Force, 3 generalized, 64 nuclear, 483 surface, 12

Ford, C. A., 119, 133 Ford, M. R., 495, 496, 513

Foster, K. R., 245, 246, 253, 254 Fourier integral, 301, 303

complex, 303 Fourier series, 290 complex, 292

discrete, equally-spaced data, 291

for piecewise continuous function, 295 for square wave, 296

sample duration not a period, 293 square wave, 292

Fourier transform, 301, 303, 523, 530 complex, 303

discrete, 291 discrete (2-d), 332 fast, 295

of exponential pulse, 303 Fourtanier, A. M., 380, 398 Fovea, 390

Fowler, P. H., 424, 425, 435 Fox, J. J., 277, 283

Fox, R. A., 504, 513

Fractional distribution function, 508

Fractional rate of growth or decay, 35 Fractionation curve, 460

Fraden, J., 376, 398 Framingham study, 36 Francis, J. E., 443

Frankel, R. B., 217, 220, 224 Fraunho er zone, 352 Freake, M., 225

Free body diagram, 7 Free energy

Gibbs, 66 Free expansion, 73

Free induction decay (FID), 524, 525 Free radical, 445, 458

Freeston, I. L., 214, 224 Freier, S., 68, 79 Frequency, 289

angular, 289 half-power, 311 spatial, 326, 329

Frequency response, 280, 310 glucose and insulin, 312

Fresnel zone, 352 Freund, H. U., 434 Fricke dosimeter, 445

Friedman, R. N., 212, 224, 225 Fritzberg, A. R., 504, 513 Froelich, J. W., 542

Fruit fly, 239

shaker mutant, 239 Fuchs, A. F., 29, 133, 175, 284 Fujimoto, J. G., 370, 398 Function

piecewise continuous, 295 Functional MRI, 536 Fundamental constants, 583

Fundamental equation of thermodynamics, 65 Fung, Y. C., 12, 13, 29

Furocoumarins, 380 Fusion

nuclear, 484 Fuster, V., 398

Gabbe, E. E., 224 Gadolinium, 523, 536 Gadolinium oxysulfide, 441 Gain, 258

open-loop, 258 Galanski, M., 479 Galletti, P. M., 120, 133 67Ga, 498, 502

Gamma (film), 441 Gamma camera, 500 Gamma decay, 484 Gamma function, 576 Gammiatoni, L., 317, 323 Gangrene, 146

Gans, D. S., 399 Gap junctions, 184 Gap phase, 459 Gardner, M. J., 225

Garfinkel, A., 276, 282–284 Garg, M. L., 435

Garg, R. R., 435 Garrard, C. L., 225 Gas

ideal, 60, 61 Gas constant, 60

Gas multiplication, 444 Gasiorowicz, S., 374, 398 Gaskill, J. D., 329, 341 Gastric juice, 63 Gastrocnemius, 6 Gating current, 241 Gatland, I. R., 288, 323 Gauss, 204

Gauss’s law, 138

for magnetic field, 205

free and bound charge, 144 Gaussian distribution, 91, 99, 568 Gauvin, D., 477

Gawande, A., 566

Geddes, L. A., 136, 175, 193, 201, 202 Geetha, J., 284

Geiger counter, 444 Geiger’s rule, 477 Geise, R., 451, 453, 454 Gel dosimeter, 445 Geller, A. C., 398 Genant, H. K., 442, 478

General thermodynamic relationship, 65 Generalized force, 64

Gennari, F. J., 117, 133 Germanium, 445 Gevins, A., 212, 226 Giasson, C. J., 381, 398 Gibbs factor, 76

Gibbs free energy, 65, 66 Gibbs paradox, 68 Gibbs phenomenon, 296

Gielen, F. L. H., 212, 223, 224 Gilchrist, B. A., 380, 398 Giles, W. R., 175

Gillooly, J. F., 47, 74, 79 Gilmour, R. F., 283 Gimm, H. A., 404, 434 Gingl, Z., 318, 323 Gingras, S., 477 Ginzburg, L., 281, 283 Giorgiani, G., 398 Gittelson, K., 284

Glass, L., 264, 266–268, 271, 273–276, 283, 284, 316, 317, 323

Globulin, 129

Index 597

Glomerulus, 17, 27, 116 Glucose, 3, 67, 117 Glucose regulation, 279 Glucose tolerance, 312 Glutamate, 137 Gluteus medius, 7 Gluteus minimus, 7 Glycine, 137 Glycoaminoglycans, 249 GMP, cyclic, 392 Goiter, 277

Goldberg, M. J., 47 Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equations, 236 Golzarian, J., 225

Gompertz mortality function, 44 Goodsell, D. S., 3, 29

Goodsitt, M., 457, 478 Gorby, Y., 217

Gou, S-y., 96, 109

Gougoutas, A., 254 Gould, J. L., 217, 224, 225

Gouy-Chapman model, 229 Gradient, 88, 142

di usion, 537

in di erent coordinate systems, 578 magnetic, 528

phase-encoding, 529 readout, 529 slice-selection, 528

Gradiometer, 219 Granger, H. J., 115, 133 Grant, R. M., 348, 349 Gras, J. L., 103

Grass, Inc., 196 Gray (unit), 427, 468 Gray body, 373 Gray, D. E., 357 Green’s function, 100 Gregory, K., 398 Greigite, 217 Grenier, R. P., 511 Grid

antiscatter, 450 Grievenkamp, J. E., 390, 398 Grimes, D. I. F., 212, 224

Grossweiner, L., 364, 367, 368, 381–383, 398 Grove, R. I., 479

Growth rate variable, 35

Grundfest, H., 182, 202, 209 Guevara, M. R., 276, 283 Gulbis, J. M., 253

Gulrajani, R. M., 177, 191, 201 Guttman, R., 43

Guyton, A. C., 20, 115, 117, 122, 133, 137, 175, 261, 274, 284, 321, 323

Gyromagnetic ratio, 516, 517

598 Index

h gate, 157, 173 Haas, R. A., 565

Habrand, J. L., 467, 478

Haddad, J. G., 381, 398

Hademenos, G. J., 26, 29

Hafemeister, D., 244, 253 Hahn, P. F., 542

Haie, C., 478

Hair cells, 243, 349 Halbach, R. E., 542 Halberg, F., 293, 321, 323 Haldane, J. B. S., 45, 47 Half-life, 34, 484

e ective, 490 Half-power frequency, 311 Half-value layer, 476

Hall, E. J., 457–462, 472, 478 Hall, J. E., 175

Hall, K., 283

Hall, M. A., 270, 271 Hallett, M., 214, 224, 225

Halliday, D., 7, 29, 142, 175, 363, 373, 375, 398 Halliday, G. M., 399

H¨am¨al¨ainen, M., 212

H¨am¨al¨ainen, R., 212, 213, 218, 224, 315 Hamblen, D. P., 443

Hamill, O. P., 238, 243, 253 Hamilton, L. J., 368, 398 H¨anggi, P., 323

Hanlon, E. B., 371, 372, 398

Harisinghani, M. G., 536, 542 Harmonic images, 353

Harmonic oscillator, 263, 363, 559 Harmonics, 289

Harri, R., 213, 224, 315 Harris, C. C., 443

Harris, J. W., 181, 184, 202, 224 Hart, H., 35, 36, 47

Hasselquist, B., 503

Hastings, H. M., 277, 282, 284 Hawkes, D. J., 407, 435 Hayes, N. D., 273, 284

HCl, 393

Heald, M. A., 387, 398 Heart block, 194

intermittent, 200 second degree, 200 sinus exit, 200

Heart failure, 116, 194 Heart rate, 46

Heat capacity, 61, 278 air, 61, 76

at constant volume, 61 ideal gas, 61

specific, 61 water, 75

Heat conduction, 103, 106, 382

Heat engine, 70 Heat flow, 54, 61 Heat loss

and countercurrent exchange, 132 Heat stroke, 274

Heaton, C. L., 378 Hecht, S., 390, 391, 398 Hee, M. R., 370, 398 Helfre, S., 478

Helical CT, 455 Heller, L., 214, 224 Hellman, L., 35, 36, 47 Helmholtz, 136 Hematocrit, 23

Hemmingsen, A. M., 41, 47 Hemochromatosis, 217 Hemoglobin, 24, 369, 523, 536 Hemosiderosis, 217 Hempelmann, L. H., 475

Hendee, W. R., 343, 352, 355, 357, 446, 447, 450, 454, 477–479

Henderson, L. W., 119, 133 Henriquez, C. S., 184, 191, 192, 202 Hereditary spherocytosis, 117 Hermann, M., 398

Herrick, J. F., 17, 29

Hertz (unit of frequency), 289 Hexadecapole

magnetic, 484 Hidajat, N., 479 Hielscher, A., 369, 398 Higson, D. J., 471, 478

Hilborn, R. C., 263–265, 271, 284 Hildebrand, J. H., 67, 79, 87, 108, 114, 133 Hill, B. C., 196, 202

Hille, B., 29, 133, 155, 175, 235, 238, 243, 253, 284 Hinds, M., 202

Hine, H. G., 511 Hip, 7, 8

Hobbie, R. K., 185, 188, 189, 425, 434 Hodgkin’s disease, 463

Hodgkin, A., 136, 148, 153, 154, 171, 175, 253 Hodgkin–Huxley model, 268, 275

Hoke, M., 225 Hole, 438

Holmes, T. W., 465, 478 Honig, B., 231, 254 Horacek, B. M., 224, 225 Hormesis, 472

Horowitz, P., 175 Hosaka, H., 211, 224 Hot tub, 274 Hotomaroglu, O., 284 Hounsfield (unit), 456

Hounsfield, G. N., 455, 478 Howell, R. W., 500, 513 Howerton, R. J., 434

Hu, X-p., 330, 331

Huang, D., 370, 398

Hubbell, J. H., 404, 407, 408, 411, 414, 434, 435, 448, 478

Huda, W., 457, 478

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 2 Humm, J. L., 500, 513

Hunt, D. C., 454, 478

Hunt, J. G., 495, 513 Husband, J. E., 536, 542 Huxley, A. F., 136, 154, 175 HVL, 476

Hydraulic permeability, 117 pore model, 123

Hydrogen spectrum, 361

Hydrogen peroxide, 458 Hydroxyl free radical, 458 Hyperbolic functions, 166 Hypermetropia, 389 Hyperplasia, 378 Hyperpolarization, 173 Hyperthermia, 381 Hyperthyroidism, 504 Hypertrophy, 378 Hypoproteinemia, 116 Hysteresis, 13, 19

magnetic, 216

Ice ages, 317

ICRP, 468, 469, 478

ICRU, 350, 352, 357, 367, 414, 415, 417, 420–424, 426, 435, 437, 439, 440, 447, 448, 450, 478

Ideal gas, 73

Ideal gas law, 60, 63 Ideal solution, 114

Ideker, R. E., 196, 202, 276, 283 Illuminance, 384

Ilmoniemi, R. J., 213, 214, 224, 315 Image

density-weighted, 533 T1-weighted, 533

T2-weighted, 533 Image contrast

and MR pulse parameters, 533 Image intensifier tube, 454

Image quality, 450 Imaginary number, 292 Impact parameter, 418 Impedance

acoustic, 346 characteristic, 346 reactive component, 346

transformation in middle ear, 349 IMPT, 467

Impulse approximation, 416, 419 Impulse function, 304

Index 599

Impulse response, 312, 326 Incidence, 380

Incidence of disease, 44 Incoherent scattering, 403, 406

Incremental-signal transfer factor, 442 Incubator

neonatal, 376 Incus, 348

Index of refraction, 359, 364 of aqueous, 388

of crystalline lens, 388 of vitreous, 388

Inelastic scattering, 403 Inflammatory response, 116, 378 Influence function, 100

Infrared photography, 376

radiation, 360, 375 spectroscopy, 368

Ingard, K. U., 343, 357

Inman, V. T., 7, 9, 29 Inner ear, 349 Insulin, 312

Integrals trigonometric, 555

Intensifying screen, 441 Intensity

of sound, 347 radiant, 383 reference, 347

Intensity attenuation coe cient, 350 Intensity-modulated proton therapy, 467 Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, 465 Interferometer, 370

Internal conversion, 484, 492 coe cient, 485 electron, 492

Internal radiotherapy, 504

International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, see ICRU

International Commission on Radiological Protection, see ICRP

Interstitial fluid, 115 Intestinal parasites, 565 Intestinal villi, 122 Intracellular fluid, 136 Intravascular ultrasound, 376 Inulin, 393

Inverse problem, 198 Inversion recovery (IR), 525 Iodine, 449

123I, 498

131I, 502, 504

Iodine deficiency, 277 Ion

Born charging energy, 144 Ionization chamber, 444, 468

600 Index

Ionization energy, 362, 403 average, 420

192Ir, 504 Iris, 388 Iron stores

in the body, 217 Irradiance, 384, 385 Isodose contours, 464 Isosbestic point, 369 Isotonic saline, 130 Isotope, 482

Isotropic radiation, 386 Itoh, M., 399

Itzkan, I., 371, 398

Izatt, J. A., 370, 371, 399

J. H. Brown, 47

Jabinsek, V., 225

Jabola, B. R., 479 Jackson, D. F., 407, 435 Jacques, S. L., 398

Jaeger, J. C., 91, 94, 100, 106, 108

Jalife, J., 165, 175, 194–196, 201, 202, 212, 225, 268, 275, 283, 284

Jalinous, R., 214, 224

James, R. B., 445, 479 Jang, I-K., 398

Janka, G. E., 224 Jaramillo, F., 317, 323 Jaundice, neonatal, 377 Je rey, K., 194, 200, 202 Je reys, B. S., 153, 175 Je reys, H., 153, 175 Jejunum, 170

Jiang, D., 200, 202

Jiang, Y., 239, 254

Johnson noise, 242, 312, 314 Johnson, G. F., 47

Johnson, J. B., 314

Joint probability distribution, 579 Jones, J. P., 341, 455, 478, 527, 542 Jones, R. H., 511

Jongsma, H. J., 175 Joseph, P. M., 526, 527, 542 Josephson junction, 218 Joule, 11

Jung, P., 323

K edge

in contrast agent, 448 K shell, 438

K¨ohler, T., 25, 29 Kagan, A. R., 463, 479

Kaiser, I. H., 293, 321, 323 Kalender, W. A., 455, 456, 478, 479 Kalmijn, Ad. J., 243, 254

Kaluza, G. L., 504, 513

Kaminski, E. M., 542 Kanal, E., 534, 542 Kane, B. J., 136, 175 Kannel, W. B., 47

Kaplan, D., 264, 271, 275, 284, 316, 317, 323 Karagueuzian, H. S., 283

Karhu, J., 214, 224 Kassirer, J. P., 117, 133

Kassis, A. I., 458, 461, 479, 500, 505, 513 Katchalsky, A., 120, 133

Kathren, R. L., 472, 479 Katila, T., 225

Kato, T., 542

Katz, B., 135, 137, 154, 175 Kaufman, L., 224, 225 Kavanagh, K. M., 284

Kay, A. R., 542 Kazerooni, E., 478 Keeler, E. K., 542 Keener, J. P., 275, 284 Keizer, J., 105, 109 Kelvin, 57

Kempe, C. H., 41, 47 Keratin, 378 Keratitis, 381 Keratopathy, 381 Keriakes, J. G., 466 Kerma, 427

collision, 428, 429 radiative, 428

Kernicterus, 377

Ketcham, D., 449 Kevan, P. G., 387, 398 Keynes, R. D., 239, 254

Khan, F. M., 464–467, 479

Khoo, M. C. K., 256, 284 Kidney, 37, 116, 278

artificial, 120 glomerulus, 17

Kil, J. R., 283 Kilocalorie, 54, 75 Kim, Y.-H., 283 Kimlin, M. G., 380, 398 Kinetic energy, 10

King, K. F., 532, 533, 542 Kirby, S. S., 454, 478 Kirchho ’s laws, 147

Kirschvink, J. L., 217, 224, 225, 247, 248, 254 Kiss, L. B., 318, 323

Kissel, L. H., 407, 435 Kleiber, M., 41

Klein, L. S., 195, 202 Klein-Nishina

factor, 432 formula, 406

Kligman, L. H., 380, 398

Knisley, S. B., 196, 202