4.8 Read the following sentences and define part of speech of the words in bold. Translate the sentences.

1. I was preparing for my nightly session in the laboratory when Katie knocked at my door. 2. Her feeling for Stephen was no more than sisterly regard. 3. She complained loudly of having been kept waiting.

4. The airport gets an hourly weather report from meteorological stations. 5. The buses to London run hourly. 6. This periodical is published weekly. 7. Daily physical exercises do a lot of good to John.

8. Her weekly wage amounts to 10 pounds. 9. He made no attempt to hide the fact that he was ashamed of having a sickly son. 10. She looked after elderly parents, accepted the care of young children. 11. A slatternly woman, wiping her hands on her apron, opened the door. 12. He won the race easily. 13. He is such a scholarly man!

Unit 5

Prefixes

К наиболее употребительным префиксам английского языка относятся:

1. Префиксы, которые придают слову противоположное значение или обозначают противоположное действие:

un-	to plug	воткнуть в розетку	to unplug	вынуть из розетки
dis-	connect	соединять	disconnect	разъединять
counter-	attack	атака	counterattack	контратака
anti-	damage	поломка	anti-damage	противоаварийный
de-	code	кодировать	decode	раскодировать

2. Префиксы, имеющие отрицательное значение:

un-	kind believer	добрый верующий	unkind unbeliever	недобрый неверующий
in-	divisible dependence	делимый зависимость	indivisible independence	неделимый независимость
im*-	polite	вежливый	impolite	невежливый
ir-	responsible	ответственный	irresponsible	безответственный
il-	literate	грамотный	illiterate	неграмотный
mis-	information	информация	misinformation	дезинформация
non-	uniform	однородный	non-uniform	неоднородный
dis-	advantage	преимущество	disadvantage	недостаток

*Приставка, которая начинается на «l» изменяется в зависимости от того, какая за ней стоит буква: il + l, ir + r, im + b, m, p.

E.g. loyalty – illoyalty;

relevant – irrelevant;

possible – impossible

3. Префиксы, имеющие значение “сверх”, “пере”, “чрезмерно”:

super-	conductivity	проводимость	superconductivity	сверхпроводи-мость
over-	rate	оценивать	overrate	переоценивать
ultra-	sonic	звуковой	ultrasonic	сверхзвуковой
extra-	ordinary	обыкновенный	extraordinary	необычный, выдающийся

4. Префикс со значением “снова”, “заново”, “вновь”, “пере”:

re-

to make

делать

to remake

переделывать

5. Префиксы со значением “между”, “взаимно”:

inter-	cellular	клеточный	intercellular	межклеточный
со-	operate	действовать	cooperate	взаимодействовать

6. Префиксы, которые переводятся как

а) “перед”, “до”

рrе-

war stellar

военный звёздный

pre-war prestellar

довоенный дозвёздный

б) “после”:

post-

graduate

выпускник

postgraduate

аспирант

в) “недостаточно”, “недо-“ “под- “, “мало- “:

under-

rate

оценивать

underrate

недооценивать

г) “под”:

sub-

group

группа

subgroup

подгруппа

д) “экс”, “бывший”:

ex-

president

бывший

ex-president

бывший президент

е) само-, авто-

auto-

biography

биография

autobiography

автобиография

ж) полу-

semi-

circle

круг

semicircle

полукруг

з) через-, транс-

trans-

continental

континентальный

transcontinental

трансконтинен- тальный

и) двойной, два, дважды

bi-

двойной, два, дважды

lingual

язычный

bilingual

двуязычный

к) много-, мульти-, поли-

multi-	digit	разряд	multidigit	многоразрядный
poly-	axis	ось	poly-axis	многоосный

л) моно-, одно-

mono-

atomic

атомный

monoatomic

одноатомный

м) очень маленький

micro-

wave

волновой

microwave

микроволновой

н) ложный, псевдо-

pseudo-

scientific

научный

pseudo-scientific

псевдонаучный

7. Префикс глагола, имеющий значение “делать”:

en-

circle

круг

to encircle

окружать

5.1 Form words by means of the prefix un-. Translate into English.

Model: easy - uneasy

conscious, load, ending, fortunately, fix, founded, heard, mistakably, bind, principled, professional, seen, fasten, written, tie, lawfully, familiar, build, fair, pack, businesslike, likely.

5.2 Form words using the prefixes in- (ir-, im-, il-). Translate into English.

Model: polite-impolite

in- coordination, convenient, decency, dependence, direct, effectiveness, experience;

il- legality, limitedness, logicality, loyalty;

im- balance, polite, mobilization, personal, movability, mature, patience;

ir- regularity, religion, relevant, resolution, responsibility.

5.3 Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the prefixes.

inorganic chemistry; impersonal remark; impossible task; improbable story; inexcusable mistake; insecure position; insufficiency of data; insupportable heat; incurable disease.

5.4 Match the words in the left column with their synonyms in the right column.

improbable	uneducated
immortal	excessive
illiterate	firm
immoderate	eternal
impolite	rude
irresolute	ignorant
improbable	unlikely
inexperienced	priceless
invaluable	forced
involuntary	weak

5.5 Translate into Russian.

anticyclone, anti-gas, anti-militarism, antitrust, antidote.

5.6 Form words using the prefix anti-. Translate into English.

Model: oxidant – antioxidant

militarism, magnetic, constitutional, freeze, thesis, septic, racial.

5.7 Form words using the prefix de-. Translate into Russian.

Model: monopolize «монополизировать» – demonopolize «уничтожать монополию»

centralize, populate, nationalize, mobilize, compose, camp, control, form, generate.

5.8 Translate into Russian.

degasify, desterilize, devalue, devoice, denaturalize, desegregate, demount, demoded, denuclearized, dehumanize, deforest, decomposable, delocalize, devitalize, demoralize, declass.

5.9 Form words by means of the prefix dis- and translate them into Russian.

Model: regard – disregard

agreement, approvement, satisfaction, interest, qualification, comfort.

5.10 Translate into Russian.

а) со значением противоположного действия, лишения чего-либо:

disagree, disapprove, dislike, disregard, dissatisfy, discontinue, disinterest, disqualify;

б) со значением разделения, отделения:

disconnect, disintegrate, dismember, disunite.

5.11 Translate into English, using the prefix mis-.

Model: неправильное использование, применение misapplication

неправильно написать адрес, адресовать неверно (address); неправильно использовать (apply); неправильно располагать, размещать (arrange); ошибаться в расчете (calculate); неправильное представление (conception); ошибаться при перепечатке (сору); неправильно датировать (date); плохо управлять (govern); неверно информировать (inform); положить не на место (place); неправильное употребление (usage).

5.12 Translate into Russian.

non-believer, non-essential, non-cooperation, non-member, non-scientific, non-stop, non-union, non-transportable, nonviolence, nonsense, non-secret, nongovernmental, non-admission.

5.13 Form the words by means of the prefix nоn-. Translate into English.

Model: toxic – non- toxic

неспособность (ability), нерадиоактивный (radioactive), несовершеннолетие (age), невмешательство (interference), непроизводящий (productive), неуплата (payment), несущественный (essential).

5.14 Form words using the prefix ultra-. Translate into English.

Model: elliptic – эллептический – ultraelliptic – ультраэллептический

high, linear, metric, sonic, modern, short, stable, spherical.

5.15 Form words using the prefix over-. Translate into English.

Model: estimate – оценивать – overestimate – переоценивать

critical, crowded, dried, particular, powerful.

5.16 Form words by means of the prefix re- and translate them into Russian.

Model: distribution – распределение – redistribution, – перераспределение

to establish, to take, capture, to direct, calculation, call, to charge, generation, construction, to capture, to trace, arrangement, to arrange, to define, examination.

5.17 Match the words in column A with the words in column B.

A B

reformulation reconstruction rearrangement regrouping reexamination reorganization redistribution recalculation

перегруппировка переэкзаменовка реорганизация реконструкция перераспределение пересчет переформулировка перестановка

5.18 Form words using prefix inter-. Translate into English.

Model: axial – осевой – interaxial – междуосный

stellar, active, atomic, cellular, changeable, facial, connection.

5.19 Read and translate the words with the prefix co- .

Model: operate – работать, действовать – cooperate – взаимодействовать

coincidence, coaxial, coordinate, coworker.

5.20 Form words by means of the prefix sub- and translate them into Russian.

Model: class – класс – subclass – подкласс

editor, employment, heading, human, industry, surface, way.

5.21 Form words by means of the prefix ex- and translate them into Russian.

Model: minister – министр – exminister – бывший министр

consul, governor, holder, judge, king, actress, employee.

5.22 Form words by means of the prefix auto- and translate them into Russian.

Model: control – управление – autocontrol – автоматическое управление

acceleration, correction, biography, cross, changer.

5.23 Form words by means of the prefix semi- and translate them into Russian.

Model: annual – годовой – semiannual – полугодовой

circle, sphere, desert, final, group, axle, cylinder, function, trajectory, automatic, analytic, bilinear, circular, cubical, direct, digital.

5.24 Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the prefixes.

autobiography, reconstruction, import, submarine, transport, subordination, unreality, counter-attack, disproportion, superman, transmission, counter-argument, polytechnic, reproduction.

5.25 Match the prefixes in column A with their meaning in column B.

A B

sub-	пере-
anti-	противо-
auto-	под-
bi-	двойной-
ultra-	между-
co-	полу-
ех-	сверх-
semi-	бывший-
re-	само-, авто-

5.26 Transform these adjectives into the root words.

Translate into Russian.

Model: microbiological – микробиологический –– biological биологический

microanalytical, microcellular, microchemical, microcrystalline, microeconomic, microelectronic.

5.27 Form words using the prefix mono-. Translate into English.

Model: ethyl – этиловый – monoethyl – моноэтиловый

atomic, axial, basic, cyclic, directional, energetic, frequent, lingual.

5.28 Form words using the prefix pseudo-. Translate into English.

Model: spherical – сферический – pseudospherical – псевдосферический

arithmetic, dynamic, analytic, differential, elementary, elliptic, functional, geometric.

5.29 Form verbs by means of the prefix en- and translate them into Russian.

Model: large – большой – enlarge – увеличивать

force, sure, able, cash, close, code.

5.30 Add one of the prefixes in the box to each incomplete word so that it makes sense. Use each prefix once only.

in- mis- non- over- semi- sub- un- auto- dis- ex-

1. Dick was very tired and suffering from ... overwork.

2. We couldn't see the magician! He had become ... visible.

3. I could only cross the road by going down a ... way.

4. Nobody believed what Mary wrote in her ... biography.

5. Let me introduce you to Janet, my ... -wife.

6. What he said was not clear. In fact it was rather ... leading.

7. Unfortunately our football team lost in the ... -final.

8. Mr. Smith regrets that he is ... able to accept your invitation.

9. This is a good train, it goes to Manchester ... -stop.

10. Oh bother, my pencil sharpener has ... appeared again.