Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5264_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
24
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
12.
13.
14.
various otherworldly human instincts.
activities to every organ of the body [1][2].
3.3 STRUCTURAL QUALITIES OF MANAS
one in number. It means Manas has two qualities/ properties, which are as follows:
1. Ekatva (onlyness) – only one in number (in a body).
2.
“ ”
1]
3.3.1 Swarūpa of manaS
accepted the inherent relationship between body and mind (structure and function). The heart and
brain are both considered to be the seat of Manas. They are interconnected, but their functions are
independent [2]. Manas is the coordinator of all the sense organs. Manas is an instrument that is
responsible for the phenomenon of thinking. The presence of Manas is the precondition for know-
3].
3.4 SENSUAL PERCEPTION
samyoga), which is referred to as Manas (mind- sense contact), through which it is interpreted and
projected to the soul (soul and mind contact) [1]. The sense object is received by the sense organ
along with the Manas. Then the Manas analyzes it in the form of merits or demerits and forwards it
to Buddhi (intellect), which produces decisive knowledge by which one proceeds to speak or to do
something with full knowledge.
The intellect is recognized by the sense organ from which it emanates [4]. That emanated through
such as happiness, suffering, passion, anger, and so on. Mana traverses through the channels of the
sense organs to grasp the object and assume its shape. This stage of the mind assuming the form of
the object is called Vritti- Manovritti [5] [6].
25
A
ˉ
yurvedic Psychotropic Drugs and Their Effect on Manovaha Srotas
3.4.1 mano doSaS
2].
3.4.2 QualitieS of mana
1. Sattva
2. Rajas
3. Tamas
An impure Manas (with Raja and Tama), gets involved with the external worldly things and thus gets
affected by Sukha (pleasure) and Dukha (pain/ sorrow) [7
like a lamp situated in a wind- free lamp case. One does not get affected by ego, gets away from all
-
lute true knowledge) [8
[9][10].
3.4.3 engliSh eQuivalent of Component & funCtionS
Manas – Thought centre - Thinking, awareness, reasoning, doubting.
Ahankāra – Ego- self- awareness and pride.
Buddhi – Intellect decision, Intellectual.
Citta – Memory centre, Memory.
3.4.4 CharaCterS of an individual derived in the fetuS from manas
1. Bhakti Desire
2. Śiṣṭatā Conduct
3. Śauca Purity
4. Dveṣa Hatred
5. Moha Attachment
6. Tyāga Detachment
7. Mātsarya Strong desire or Malice
8. Śaurya Velour
9. Bhaya Fear
10. Krodha Anger
11. Smṛiti Memory
12. Utasāha Enthusiasm
13. Tandrā Drowsiness
14. Tikṣṇatā Sharpness
15. Mṛadutā Softness
16. Gāmbhirya Seriousness
17. Anāvasthatattva Unsatbility
26
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
3.5 TYPES OF DISEASES AS PER ĀYURVEDA
Śārīrika & Mānsika
Śārīrika
The diseases which reside and are related to the human body by Nija or Āgantuja caused by the
vitiation of doṣas, i.e. Vāta, Pitta, and Kapha [11].
Mānsika
The diseases that are only related to the human mind & thoughts by Nija or Āgantuja caused by
vitiation of Mānsika doṣas, i.e. Satva, Raja, and Tama[12].
(a) Kevala (Pure/ Only) Mānasika e.g. Kāma, Krodha etc.
(b) Anubandhaja e. g. Unmāda, Apasmāra
(c) Ubhyātamaka
3.5.1 manovikāras
Based on the classical descriptions, Manovikāras
affecting individuals with Alpasatva (weak psyche) and characterized by behavioural changes in
them due to: (as per above) [13].
A) Discordance of Manodoṣas or both Manodoṣas and Śarīra doṣa.
B) Vitiation of Manovaha srotamāsi (channels carrying psychological impulses).
C) Impairment of the function of Manas viz., Indrayābhigraha (perception and motor control),
Manonigraha (mental control).
3.5.2 CauSeS of manovikāras
1. Improper diet.
2. Actions committed in this birth.
3. Bad deeds done in the last birth.
4. Physical illnesses and overindulgence.
5. Severe mental or physical stress.
6. Unfavourable – personal, familial, and social environment, etc.
Āyurveda also says that negative feelings are emotional toxins [14]
If they are not driven out of the body in a stipulated time, they give rise to chronic mental disorders
like anxiety, neurosis, depression, etc. If this is further ignored, it turns into permanent mental
disorders like Unmāda (unreasonable and irrational state of mind, for example, hysteria) &
Apasmāra (epilepsy).
3.5.3 mental diSorderS in āyurveda [15]
1. Unmāda - Insanity
2. Apasmāra - Epilepsy
3. Avasāda - Depression
4. Citto- udvega - Anxiety Neurosis
5. Manasa Mandatā - Mental Retardation
27
A
ˉ
yurvedic Psychotropic Drugs and Their Effect on Manovaha Srotas
6. Atatvā- abhineviṣa - Obsessive Disorders
7. Madātyaya - Intoxication etc.
3.6 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS IN
ĀYURVEDA [16]
1. Daiva vyapāsraya cikitsā (Chanting of Mantras, Homa, Spiritual healing, Religious rites
etc.).
2. Yukti vyapāsraya cikitsā (Medicines i.e. Śodhana & Śamana – Psychotropic Drugs & Diet).
3. Satvāvajaya cikitsā (Psychotherapy).
3.6.1 treatment by āyurvedic pSyChotropiC drugS preparationS & plantS baSed
mediCine [17][18]
1. Single herb medicine.
2. Multi herbal medicines, i.e. use of Taila, Ghṛata, Āsava, and Ariṣṭa preparations.
3. Herbo- mineral medicine is prepared from metals like mercury, gold, silver, etc.
4. Patent or proprietary medicine.
3.7 TREATMENT BY PSYCHOTROPIC SINGLE PLANTS DRUGS
(MEDHYA DRUGS) [19]
Aindrī Bacopa monniera
Maṇḍūkaparṇī Centella asiatica
Śankhapuṣpī Convolvulus pluricalis
Bhangā Cannabis sativa
Ahiphena Papaver somniferum
Dhturā Dhatura metal
Vacā Acorus calemus
Aśvagandhā Withenia somnifera
Jyotiṣmatī Celastrus paniculatus
Jaṭāmansī Nardostachys jatamansi
Tagara Valeriana wallichii
Yaṣṭīmadhu Glycyrrhiza glabara
Sarpgandhā Rauwula serpntina etc.
end. These uses vary widely between cultures. Some substances may have controlled or illegal uses,
while others may have shamanic purposes, and still others are used medicinally [20]. Other examples
would be social drinking or sleep aids. Here, some psychotropic and medhya drugs are mentioned [21].
3.7.1 brāhmī
Brāhmī is widely used as ‘Medhya Rasayana’ in Āyurveda. Two species are taken as Brāhmī
i.e. Aindrī (Bacopa monniera) and Maṇḍūkaparṇī (Centella asiatica).
3.7.2 aindrī (bacoPa monniera)
Bacopa monniera
intellect and memory [22
28
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
‘creator’ in the Hindu pantheon. Because the brain is the centre for creative activity, any compound
Bacopa monniera belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae and is a small creeping herb with
petals. The leaves are succulent, relatively thick, and oblanceolate and are arranged oppositely on
the stem [23].
Compounds responsible for the pharmacological effects include alkaloids, saponins, and sterols.
23]. Later, other
alkaloids like nicotine and herpestine have also been reported [24,25]. Subsequently, the isolation
of D- mannitol, saponin, hersaponin, and potassium salts was reported [25].
The major chemical entity shown to be responsible for neuropharmacological effects and the noo-
O- b- D- glucopyranoside- 10, 20- dihydroxy- 16- ketdammar- 24- ene [26].
Sedative and tranquilizing properties by the effect of glycosides are called hersaponins [27].
ibotenic acid into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis [28]. Anxiety demonstrated that Brahmi
contains 25 percent bacoside. Bacoside reduces anxiety without inducing amnesia, the side effects
associated with lorazepam, but instead has a memory- enhancing effect [29, 30].
models of depression, namely, the forced swim test and learned helplessness test [31]. Brahmi has
32].
3.7.2.1 Maṇḍūkaparṇī (Centella asiatica)
known as Gotukola, it is one of the reported ‘miracle elixirs of life’ known over 2000 years ago.
and is found throughout India in moist places up to an altitude of 1800 m in tropical and subtrop-
asiaticosides in which a trisaccharide moiety is linked to the aglycone asiatic acid, madecassoside,
and madasiatic acid [33]. In this Brahmoside and brahminoside, are postulated to be responsible
that contains glycosides isothankuniside and thankuniside showed antifertility action in mice.
-
venator, sedative, tranquilizer, and intelligence- promoting property [34][35]. It increases the cere -
anticonvulsant. It is known that GABA and its agonists inhibit the central cholinergic action by
affecting the turnover rate of acetylcholine in the rat brain. The isolated steroids from the plant have
been used to treat epilepsy [36].
3.7.3 ahiPhena (PaPaver somniferum)
Papaver somniferum, is commonly known as the opium poppy. Papaver somniferum is an annual
herb growing to about 100 cm (40 in) tall. The plant is strongly glaucous, giving a greyish- green
appearance, and the stem and leaves bear a sparse distribution of coarse hairs. The large leaves are
-
eter, normally with four white, mauve, or red petals, sometimes with dark markings at the base. The
37].
29
A
ˉ
yurvedic Psychotropic Drugs and Their Effect on Manovaha Srotas
Opium has been eaten, drunk, and smoked for centuries; the poppy, from which opium is derived,
is not known from the wild; it has been domesticated for its seeds, which are used for oil and food,
and for its dried sap, which produces opium, The opium poppy, as its name indicates, is the principal
source of opium, the dried opiate drugs are extracted latex produced by the seed pods. A common
method of preparing opium was to dissolve it in alcohol, and this tincture (infusion, extraction, solu-
tion), later known as laudanum, became a popular medication for centuries. (Medications at that
time were not so much administered to heal as they were simply to alleviate pain) [38].
Opium contains a class of naturally occurring alkaloids known as opiates, which include mor-
somniferum
means ‘sleep- bringing’, referring to the sedative properties of some of these opiates [39].
Tincture of opium or laudanum, consisting of opium dissolved in alcohol or a mixture of alcohol
and water, is one of many unapproved drugs regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA). Its marketing and distribution persist because its historical use preceded the Federal Food,
Drug & Cosmetic Act of 1938. Tincture of opium B.P., containing 1% w/ v of anhydrous morphine,
also remains in the British Pharmacopoeia, listed as a Class A substance under the Misuse of Drugs
Act 1971 [40].
Morphine is the predominant alkaloid found in the cultivated varieties of opium poppy that are
used for opium production. Other varieties produce minimal opium or none at all, such as the latex-
free Sujata type. Non- opium cultivars that are planted for drug production feature a high level of
14% morphine by dry weight or more in high- yield cultivars. It may be used directly or chemically
It is a very powerful hypnotic and narcotic, with powerful analgesic properties. It is the most
abundant component of opium, ranging from 4– 21% by weight. Morphine is still unsurpassed in
its ability to deaden pain. It is considered the most powerful naturally occurring analgesic). It is
a general CNS (central nervous system) depressant and, in overdose, can lead to death by com-
pletely suppressing the respiratory centre in the brain. The study of opium led to the discovery
painkillers, the endorphins, perhaps the most important advancement in neurochemistry in the past
half- century [41].
3.7.4 dhaTurā (datura metel)
Daturā refers to any one of nine species of shrubby herbaceous plants from the Solanaceae family,
There are many ways to administer the Daturā plant, the most common being tea made from any
42].
Daturā can produce hallucinations, which the user is unable to identify as fantasy. A user will not
be able to distinguish between reality and fantasy and, therefore, may become confused, agitated, or
scared. Most users report a feeling of discomfort and do not enjoy the trip. The peak may result in
memory loss and complete loss of motor/ communication functions.
All varieties of Datura contain psychotropic tropane alkaloids. D. metel contains the highest sco-
polamine content of the Datura genus. The entire plant also contains various withanolides [42][43].
The danger of Daturā, because of the unknown quantity of tropane alkaloids in each Daturā
plant, is that a quantity for overdose is going to be hard to predict. To reduce the chance of overdose,
start very small and work your way up to larger doses. Remember, if using another plant, the dosage
will be different from last time. Datura metel is very dangerous and can lead to insanity or even
death, so great care must be taken with its consumption.
There is evidence that Datura metel seeds have been used in ancient Indian medicine, modern
Indian folk medicine, and Āyurvedic medical practices. The most common medicinal uses for
30
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
Daturā in these systems are for skin conditions, anxiety disorders, and respiratory ailments, along
with a litany of other conditions [44].
3.7.5 vacā (acorus calemus)
Acorus calamus Linn.) is among the rare treatments that are
mentioned in the Vedas
brain but also with additional parts of the entire body [45].
It has been described for use in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine for hundreds of years
to cure diseases, especially central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. In Sanskṛita
‘speaking’ and is used for clearing the voice and probably for diseases of the nervous system,
anti- stuttering drugs, and other mental disorders. It is demonstrated that it has a strong psycho-
pharmacological solution, which has a favourable impact on memory as well as the learning pro-
cess [46].
Vacā is a herb of choice for use in the case of loud eructation. The powder of vacā and white
sandal makes a very effective face- pack in the treatment of blemishes and pimples. In many Indian
prāsana Samskāra in South India on Puṣya nakṣatra
up to the age of 16 years. It is believed that this practice helps the children to be mentally active
and vocal.
3.7.6 aśwaGandhā (wiThenia somnifera)
Withania somnifera (family- solanaceae
popularized as Aśvagandhā although other common names include the King of Āyurveda, Indian
ginseng (not at all related to Panax ginseng), and winter cherry.
rasāyana in Āyurvedic medicine due to it being a general tonic. In
balya (increases
strength) and vajikara (aphrodisiac) [47].
The name Aśvagandhā comes from the translation ‘smell of horse’, which is thought to be due to
two main reasons; the root itself smells like a horse, and the root is supposed to imbibe you with the
strength and virility of a horse. It produces Kāmaśakti like the horse in humans and smells like horses.
Beyond those uses, it has been traditionally used as an analgesic, astringent, antispasmodic, and
-
diovascular complications while its adaptogenic usage is emphasized for persons with stress- related
insomnia, debility, and nervous exhaustion. Aśvagandhā has also been reported to be an immune-
stimulant compound, with particular emphasis on stress- related suppression in immunity [48].
Aśvagandhā is a highly esteemed medicinal plant in traditional Indian medicine for a wide var-
iety of ailments but usually focused on stress, immune support (with regards to stress), anxiety and
boasts low toxicity when consumed as the root extract alongside food [49].
3.7.7 JyoTismaTī (celasTrus PaniculaTus)
Celastrus paniculatus is a deciduous woody liana vine commonly known as the black oil plant,
climbing staff tree, and intellect tree. It stems up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in diameter and 6 m (20 ft) long
with a rough, pale brown exfoliating bark covered densely with small, elongated lenticels. The
leaves are simple, broad, and oval, obovate or elliptic in shape, with toothed margins. This climbing
shrub grows throughout India at elevations up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft) [50].
31
A
ˉ
yurvedic Psychotropic Drugs and Their Effect on Manovaha Srotas
The seed is an aphrodisiac, bitter, emetic, laxative, and a stimulant. It is used in the treatment
of rheumatism, leprosy, gout, fevers, and paralysis. The crushed seeds, a decoction of the seeds,
-
lant and diaphoretic properties, they are applied to relieve fevers, joint and muscular pains, and
paralysis.
The oil from the seed is a powerful stimulant. It is used in the treatment of beriberi. The seed
oil is a major component in various products to relieve rheumatic and muscular pain. The oil is an
ingredient of many more herbal medicines, claiming to enhance the nervous and mental system. It is
also considered to be an analgesic, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, stimulant, and
tonic. The leaf sap has been used as an antidote for opium poisoning. The root is used as an antimal-
arial and antipyretic [52].
The wood is used in the treatment of tuberculosis. The bark is abortifacient. The juice from
the bark is used in the treatment of indigestion. The stem bark is used as an antidysenteric and a
decoction of the stem as a diuretic in the treatment of kidney disorders. The fruits are considered
53].
3.7.8 TaGara (valeriana wallichii)
Valeriana jatamansi, formerly known as Valeriana wallichii, is a rhizome herb of the genus Valeriana
and the family Valerianaceae, also called Indian Valerian or Tagar- Ganthoda, not to be confused
with ganthoda, the root of Indian long pepper.
It grows in the Northwest Himalayas in places like Astore (Northern Pakistan) and forests in the
region. The genus Valeriana, with about 200 species, belongs to the family Valerianaceae and has
a distribution throughout the world. The Indian Valerian has long been used in Āyurveda (Carak
Samhitā and Susṛuta Samhitā
medicine and used as an analeptic, antispasmodic, carminative, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, and
nervine. It is described for use in sleep disorders, anxiety, and psychological stress, obesity, skin
disease, insanity, epilepsy, and snake poisoning. The crude drugs from roots/ rhizomes and Valerian-
derived phytomedicines are used as mild sedatives in the pharmaceutical industry. The activity is
largely attributed to the presence of valepotriates [54].
3.7.9 yasthīmadhu (Glycyrrhiza Glabara)
Yaṣṭhīmadhu the common name of Glycyrrhiza glabra
The liquorice plant is an herbaceous perennial legume native to Western Asia, North Africa, and
Southern Europe. Botanically, it is not closely related to anise or fennel, which are sources of similar
fennel than liquorice, despite its similar common name [55].
Asian countries. Properties of glycyrrhizin are under preliminary research, such as for hepatitis
C or topical treatment of psoriasis, but the low quality of studies as of 2017 prevents conclusions
G. glabra has been used for medicinal purposes
laxative.
Liquorice extracts have been used in herbalism and traditional medicine. Excessive consumption
of liquorice (more than 2 mg/ kg per day of pure glycyrrhizinic acid, a liquorice component) may
result in adverse effects, such as hypokalaemia, increased blood pressure, muscle weakness, and
death [56].
32
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
3.7.10 sarPGandhā (rauvolfia serPenTine)
Sarpagandhā (Rauvola) is an important medicinal plant distributed in the foothills of the Himalayan
range, up to the elevation of 1300 – 1400 m. and almost throughout the country. It is an erect ever-
green, perennial under- shrub, 75 cm to 1 m. in height [57].
It is the source of the phytochemical reserpine, which has been used in the treatment of systolic
hypertension and for mental disorders, i.e. Mania (also called Pagal ki jadi). Rauvola serpentine
contains dozens of alkaloids of the indole alkaloid family, including ajmaline, ajmalicine, reserpine,
and serpentine, among others [58].
Rauvola serpentine may cause adverse effects by interacting with various prescription drugs or
via interference with mechanisms of mental depression or peptic ulcer. The reserpine in R. serpentina
is associated with diverse adverse effects, including Suicidal tendencies, vomiting, diarrhoea,
dizziness, headache, anxiety, or hypersensitivity reactions [58].
3.7.11 Common uSeful herbS- mineral yogaS of pSyChotropiC drugS
Brāhmī vaṭī,
Vāta Kulāntaka Rasa,
Smṛiti Sāgara Rasa,
Yogendra rasa,
Mānasamitra vaṭakama
Stresscom
Zzowin etc.
3.8 CONCLUSION
There are increasing numbers of patients who express a preference for the use of remedies they per-
ceive to be natural, and physicians recommend herbal remedies in the selected cases. It is becoming
increasingly important for physicians to be familiar with the herbal remedies commonly used in the
patient problems they serve.
by the chemical complexity of the products.
Since mental illness is diverse and individual patients are biochemically unique, a larger number
-
chiatric patients will probably have medications with improved effectiveness and with fewer side
effects.
There is a lack of drug standardization of commonly available Āyurvedic preparations and a pau-
city of well- controlled studies. This reveals that several herbal drugs are available for the treatment
at the pre- clinical and clinical levels.
REFERENCES
[1] Shastri, P. V., & Chaturvedi, G. N. (1981). Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Chikitsa Sthana (Vol. 2).
Chaukhamba Bharati Academy.
[3] Larson, G. J. (2001). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Vol. 4: Samkhya, A Dualist Tradition
in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press.
33
A
ˉ
yurvedic Psychotropic Drugs and Their Effect on Manovaha Srotas
[4] Dash, V. B. (1991). Fundamentals of Ayurvedic Medicine. Concept Publishing Company.
[5] Frawley, D., & Ranade, S. (2001). Ayurveda, Nature’s Medicine. Lotus Press.
[6] Pandey, G. (2003). Ayurvedic Healing: Contemporary Maharishi Ayurveda Medicine and Science.
Motilal Banarsidass Publisher.
[7] Chopra, A., Doiphode, V. V., & Padhi, M. M. (2012). A Comprehensive Guide to Ayurvedic Principles
and Practice. Singing Dragon.
[8] Svoboda, R. E. (1999). Prakriti: Your Ayurvedic Constitution. Lotus Press.
[9] Frawley, D. (1996). Ayurvedic Psychology: The Mind of Your Dosha. Lotus Press.
[10] Lad, V. (1998). Ayurveda: The Science of Self- Healing. Lotus Press.
[11] Chopra, A., Doiphode, V. V., & Padhi, M. M. (2012). A Comprehensive Guide to Ayurvedic Principles
and Practice. Singing Dragon.
[12] Svoboda, R. E. (1999). Prakriti: Your Ayurvedic Constitution. Lotus Press.
[13] Frawley, D. (1996). Ayurvedic Psychology: The Mind of Your Dosha. Lotus Press.
[14] Lad, V. (1998). Ayurveda: The Science of Self- Healing. Lotus Press.
[15] Gogte, V. M. (2000). Ayurvedic Pharmacology & Therapeutic Uses of Medicinal Plants. Chaukhamba
Publications.
[17] Frawley, D., & Ranade, S. (2001). Ayurveda, Nature’s Medicine. Lotus Press.
[18] Pandey, G. (2003). Ayurvedic Healing: Contemporary Maharishi Ayurveda Medicine and Science.
Motilal Banarsidass Publisher.
[19] Chopra, A., Doiphode, V. V., & Padhi, M. M. (2012). A Comprehensive Guide to Ayurvedic Principles
and Practice. Singing Dragon.
[20] Lad, V. (1998). Ayurveda: The Science of Self- Healing. Lotus Press.
[21] Gogte, V. M. (2000). Ayurvedic Pharmacology & Therapeutic Uses of Medicinal Plants. Chaukhamba
Publications.
[22] Chopra, A., Doiphode, V. V., & Padhi, M. M. (2012). A Comprehensive Guide to Ayurvedic Principles
and Practice. Singing Dragon.
[23] Rai, et al. (2003). Chemical investigation of Bacopa monniera Wettst: Part I— Isolation of chemical
constituents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 89(2– 3), 239– 244.
397– 420, Print ISBN: 978- 1- 4987- 3905- 4, eBook ISBN: 978- 1- 4987- 3906- 1, DOI: 10.1201/
9781315369334- 29.
[25] Shastri, et al. (1959). [Title not provided]. Journal of Scientic & Industrial Research, 18B, 352.
[26] Chatterji, et al. (1965). Chemistry and pharmacology of Bacoside A. Indian Journal of Pharmacy,
27, 98.
[27] Malhotra, & Das. (1959). [Title not provided]. Journal of Scientic & Industrial Research, 18B, 340.
(amla). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65(2), 83– 90.
[29] Shankar, & Singh. (2000). [Title not provided]. Phytomedicine, 7(5), 463– 469.
[30] Bhattacharya, & Ghosal. (1998). Anti- oxidant effect of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides in
chronic footshock stress- induced perturbations of oxidative free radical scavenging enzymes and
lipid peroxidation in rat frontal cortex and striatum. Phytotherapy Research, 12(3), 221– 229.
[31] Sairam, et al. (2002). Evaluation of adaptogenic properties of Bacopa monniera in an experimental
model of chronic stress. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 73(4), 893– 900.
[32] Shanmugasundaram, et al. (1991). Glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver and skeletal
Fitoterapia, 62(1), 52.
[33] Singh, B., Rastogi, R. P., & Dhawan, B. N. (1998). Centella asiatica: The Nootropic Brahmi. Annals
of Pharmacotherapy, 32(3), 376– 383.
[34] Kumar, S. R. (2006). Evaluation of Bacopa monniera and Centella asiatica oil extracts on Acetic acid
induced writhing response in mice. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 38(2), 101– 102.
[35] Gupta, Y. K., Veerendra Kumar, M. H., & Srivastava, A. K. (2003). Effect of Centella asiatica
on pentylenetetrazole- induced kindling, cognition, and oxidative stress in rats. Pharmacology
Biochemistry and Behavior, 74(3), 579– 585.