Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5264_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
84
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
4.6 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE HERBAL MEDICINES VIS- À- VIS
EXISTING SYNTHETIC DRUGS
comparison to a standard synthetic drug of AD, such as donepezil or rivastigmine, by including
a positive control cohort who are administered with synthetic drug(s). This must be initiated at
the animal trial level before progressing to a human clinical one. Concerning animal trials, there
vis- à- vis donepezil on
the memory function of male Wistar albino rats
151
. There are also few published reports that have
included standard AD drugs as positive experimental controls in human clinical trials, such as
AD human patients for 22 weeks
63
in moderate- severe AD human patients for one year
65
.
Although investigations by several researchers worldwide impress upon the fact that natural
medicines are better than synthetic drugs, natural remedies are still lagging in competition with
those by synthetic ones, since they do not meet the criteria highlighted in Figure 4.2.
4.7 FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS
4.7.1 food- drug and drug- drug interaCtionS
The ultimate success of clinical trials also would depend to a large extent on in vivo food- drug
and drug- drug interactions when the drugs are administered to AD patients. Very few systematic
published literature are available on drug- drug interactions considering two AD drugs simultan-
eously administered to patients and/ or interactions of AD drugs with other ongoing medications
152,153
.
Besides, patients challenged with ailments such as hypertension, diabetes or cardiovascular disorders
cannot be prescribed AD drugs without a thorough understanding of their clinical conditions
154,155
.
While some drug- drug interactions might have synergistic effects, others can act antagonistically,
altering the course and concern of the prescribed medications of AD
156,157
.
As far as food- drug interactions are concerned, there is a systematic review of the same by
Briguglio et al.
158
I (pharmaceutical), type II (pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical), type III (pharmacokinetic),
and type IV (pharmacokinetic). Type I is generally encountered when drugs are administered
intraperitoneally since they mix with nutrients taken orally and precipitate consequent to physical
incompatibility. Several adverse effects of oral intake of drugs with ionic components of foods are
-
pensity to complexation and could be unstable in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
158
. These facts per-
haps explain the limitations of the oral or intravenous routes of drug administration in combating
AD and strongly indicate the futuristic use of nasal formulations (Table 4.2) in circumventing AD
pathogenesis.
Besides limitations of synthetic drugs used for the treatment of AD, there are also serious concerns
about the usage of spiceutical- based natural drugs for AD, such as those based on curcumin and
piperine, which are reportedly known to target the enteric and hepatic transporters of the ATP-
binding cassette such as MDR1, MRP1 and MRP2. BCRP and the metabolizing enzymes of phase
I, namely the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A, CYP2B, and CYP2E, would possibly be targeted
by piperine; and CYP2C, CYP2D, and CYP3A by curcumin
158
if these bioactives are administered
orally (individually or in combination) as an extract (or its encapsulate) in human volunteers (AD
patients with mild to moderate AD) who are on a normal balanced diet. This raises serious concerns
about the rampant usage of herbal medicines. Baum et al.
31
reported on the success of the co-
administration of ginkgo leaf extract along with pure curcumin in human subjects (Table 4.2) who
have shown success in MMSE tests (Table 4.3b
85
Impact of Indian Herbs and Spices on Alzheimer’s Disease
since ginkgo compounds, principally ginkgolic acid, are also known to inhibit enteric and hepatic
transporters of the ATP- binding cassette. A study should encompass these adverse aspects prior
to recommending the use of curcumin/ ginkgo combination in the treatment of AD. It is therefore
rationally opined that delivery of bioactives (post elucidation of the antioxidant synergy among
them) through the nasal route, bypassing the oral/ intravenous route of administration, would be
more effective in the treatment of AD. Thus, nasal formulations of bioactives need to be researched.
For a drug to be effective in ameliorating AD pathogenesis, it is imperative to investigate at length
the drugs. It is highly complex and challenging to learn about all aspects of food interference(s) on
while administering even the best of the drug formulations, viz. as nanoliposomes/ nanoencapsulates.
Moreover, patients with other co- morbidities should also be considered with extra care, and drug-
drug interactions can have tremendous health implications if taken carelessly. This raises alarms
about the rampant usage of oral drugs for AD treatment. Systematic literature reports on drug- drug
interactions are scanty, which is another important aspect that cannot be ignored.
4.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS
AD in itself holds mystery to date as to which path it follows initially or how it propagates in a
synthetic drugs appears to be the only convenient solution for arresting its pathogenesis. However,
considering the unhealthy side effects of the same, we envisage the use of green technology in
formulating ‘green’ medicines that can change the future of AD drugs for the betterment of AD
patients. Nonetheless, green solutions also need to embrace rigorous studies at molecular levels,
as well as properly designed preclinical and clinical studies for herbal medicines to be effective in
ameliorating AD pathogenesis.
REFERENCES
1. Peter, K. V. (1st ed). 2012. Introduction. In Handbook of Herbs and Spices. Chapter 1. Woodhead
Publishing series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 1– 6.
2. Anonymous. 2022a, December, 22. Trade Information and Statistics – Spices Board. Retrieved from
www.india nspi ces.com/ box2i nfo.html.
3. Hamaguchi, T., Ono, K., Murase, A. et al. 2009. Phenolic compounds prevent Alzheimer’s pathology
through different effects on the Amyloid- (beta) aggregation pathway. American Journal of Pathology
175: 2557– 2565.
4. Paul, K., Ganguly, U., Chakrabarti, S., Bhattacharjee, P. 2020. Is 1, 8- cineole- rich extract of
small cardamom seeds more effective in preventing Alzheimer’s disease than 1, 8- cineole alone?
NeuroMolecular Medicine 22: 150– 158.
5. Patel, D., Desai, S., Devkar, R. et al. 2012. Acute and sub- chronic toxicological evaluation of hydro-
methanolic extract of Coriandrum Sativum L. seeds. EXCLI Journal 11: 566– 575.
6. Ghaffari, S., Hatami, H., Dehghan, G. 2015. Saffron ethanolic extract attenuates oxidative stress,
spatial learning, and memory impairments induced by local injection of ethidium bromide. Research
in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10: 222– 232.
7. Ismail, N., Ismail, M., Latiff, L. A. et al. 2008. Black cumin seed (Nigella Sativa Linn.) oil and its
fractions protect against beta amyloid peptide- induced toxicity in primary cerebellar granule neurons.
Journal of Food Lipids 15: 519– 533.
8. Sharma, N., Tan, M.A., An, S. S. A. 2021. Mechanistic aspects of apiaceae family spices in amelior-
ating Alzheimer’s disease. Antioxidants 10: 1571– 1589.
9. Pepeu, G., Giovannini, M. G., Braco, L. 2013. Effect of cholinesterase inhibitors on attention.
Chemico- Biological Interactions 203: 361– 364.
86
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
10. Potter, P. E., Hadjiconstantinou, M., Meek, J. L. et al. 1984. Measurement of acetylcholine turn-
over rate in brain: An adjunct to a simple HPLC method for choline and acetylcholine. Journal of
Neurochemistry 43: 288– 290.
11. Sies, H. 1997. Oxidative stress: Oxidants and antioxidants. Experimental Physiology 82: 291– 295.
12. Storz, G., Imlay, J.A. 1999. Oxidative stress. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2: 188– 194.
13. Muriach, M., López- Pedrajas, R., Barcia, J.M. et al. 2010. Cocaine causes memory and learning
impairments in rats: Involvement of nuclear factor kappa B and oxidative stress, and prevention by
topiramate. Journal of Neurochemistry 114: 675– 684.
14. Palumbo, M.L., Fosser, N.S., Rios, H. et al. 2007. Loss of hippocampal neuronal nitric oxide syn-
Journal of Neurochemistry
102: 261– 274.
15. Sharma, D.R., Sunkaria, A., Bal, A. et al. 2009. Neurobehavioral impairments, generation of oxida-
tive stress and release of pro- apoptotic factors after chronic exposure to sulphur mustard in mouse
brain. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 240: 208– 218.
16. Bartolini, M., Naldi, M., Fiori, J. et al. 2011. Kinetic characterization of amyloid- beta 1– 42 aggrega-
tion with a multimethodological approach. Analytical Biochemistry 414, 215– 225.
17. Banerjee, P., Sahoo, A., Anand, S. et al. 2014. Multiple mechanisms of iron- induced amyloid beta-
peptide accumulation in SHSY5Y cells: Protective action of negletein. NeuroMolecular Medicine
16, 787– 798.
18. Chhouk, K., Wahyudiono, W., Kanda, H. et al. 2017. Comparison of conventional and ultrasound
assisted supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of curcumin from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.).
Engineering Journal 21: 53– 65.
19. Kurmudle, N., Kagliwal, L. D., Bankar, S. B. et al. 2013. Enzyme- assisted extraction for enhanced
yields of turmeric oleoresin and its constituents. Food Bioscience 3: 36– 41.
20. Curcuma longa and Curcuma
amada
bioactivities. Industrial Crops and Products 134: 134– 145.
21. Sahne, F., Mohammadi, M., Najafpour, G. D. et al. 2017. Enzyme- assisted ionic liquid extraction
of bioactive compound from turmeric (Curcuma longa
curcumin. Industrial Crops and Products 95: 686– 694.
22. Ringman, J. M., Frautschy, S. A., Teng, E. et al. 2012. Oral curcumin for Alzheimer’s dis-
Alzheimer’s Research and Therapy 4: 1– 8.
23. Cox, K. H., Pipingas, A., Scholey, A. B. 2015. Investigation of the effects of solid lipid
curcumin on cognition and mood in a healthy older population. Journal of Psychopharmacology
29: 642– 651.
24. Lim, G. P., Chu, T., Yang, F. et al. 2001. The curry spice curcumin reduces oxidative damage and
amyloid pathology in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse. Journal of Neuroscience 21: 8370– 8377.
25.
Neurobiology of Aging 22: 993– 1005.
26. Yang, F., Lim, G. P., Begum, A. N. et al. 2005. Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta
in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry
280: 5892– 5901.
27. Garcia-Alloza, M., Borrelli, L., Rozkalne, A. et al. 2007. Curcumin labels amyloid pathology in vivo,
disrupts existing plaques, and partially restores distorted neurites in an Alzheimer mouse model.
Journal of Neurochemistry 102: 1095– 1104.
28. Begum, A. N., Jones, M. R., Lim, G. P. et al. 2008. Curcumin structure- function, bioavailability, and
Journal of Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics 326: 196– 208.
29. Ma, Q. L., Yang, F., Rosario, E. R. et al. 2009. Beta- amyloid oligomers induce phosphorylation of
tau and inactivation of insulin receptor substrate via c- Jun N- terminal kinase signaling: Suppression
by omega- 3 fatty acids and curcumin. Journal of Neuroscience 29: 9078– 9089.
30. Hamaguchi, T., Ono, K., Yamada, M. 2006. Anti- amyloidogenic therapies: Strategies for prevention
and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 63: 1538– 1552.
87
Impact of Indian Herbs and Spices on Alzheimer’s Disease
31. Baum, L., Lam, C. W. K., Cheung, S. K. et al. 2008. Six- month randomized, placebo- controlled,
double- blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Clinical
Psychopharmacology 28: 110– 113.
32. Hagl, S., Kocher, A., Schiborr, C. et al. 2015. Curcumin micelles improve mitochondrial function
in neuronal PC12 cells and brains of NMRI mice – Impact on bioavailability. Neurochemistry
International 89: 234– 242.
33. Song, Z., Feng, R., Sun, M. et al. 2011. Curcumin- loaded PLGA- PEG- PLGA triblock copolymeric
micelles: Preparation, pharmacokinetics and distribution in vivo. Journal of Colloid and Interface
Science 354: 116– 123.
34. Meng, F., Asghar, S., Gao, S. et al. 2015. A novel LDL- mimic nanocarrier for the targeted delivery
of curcumin into the brain to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces
134: 88– 97.
35. Cheng, K. K., Yeung, C. F, Ho, S. W. et al. 2013. Highly stabilized curcumin nanoparticles tested
in an in vitro blood– brain barrier model and in Alzheimer’s disease Tg2576 mice. Journal of the
American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists 15: 324– 336.
36. McClure, R., Yanagisawa, D., Stec, D. et al. 2015. Inhalable curcumin: Offering the potential
for translation to imaging and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
44: 283– 295.
37. Hamrapurkar, P. D., Jadhav, K., Zine, S. 2011. Quantitative estimation of piperine in Piper nigrum and
Piper longum using high performance thin layer chromatography. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical
Science 1: 117– 120.
38. Subedee, L., Suresh, R. N., Jayanthi, M. K. et al. 2015. Preventive role of Indian black pepper in
animal models of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 9: FF01– FF04.
39. Rathod, S. S., Rathod, V. K. 2014. Extraction of piperine from Piper longum using ultrasound.
Industrial Crops and Products 58: 259– 264.
40. Mengal, P., Mompon, B. 2006. Method and plant for solvent- free microwave extraction of natural
products. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 47: 1– 11.
41. Raman, G., Gaikar, V. G. 2002. Microwave- assisted extraction of piperine from Piper nigrum.
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 41: 2521– 2528.
42.
bioactive compounds from natural sources: A review. Molecules 22: 1186– 1208.
43. Hetero- aromatic nitrogen compounds: Pyrroles and pyridines. Springer,
New York. doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1007/ 978- 1- 4899- 5892- 1.
44. Dutta, S., Bhattacharjee, P. 2015. Enzyme- assisted supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of black
pepper oleoresin for enhanced yield of piperine- rich extract. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
120: 17– 23.
45. Gigliarelli, G., Pagiotti, R., Persia, D. et al. 2017. Optimization of a Naviglio assisted extraction
followed by determination of piperine content in Piper longum extracts. Natural Products Research
31: 214– 217.
46. Etman, S. M., Elnaggar, Y. S., Abdelmonsif, D. A. et al. 2018. Oral brain- targeted microemulsion for
enhanced piperine delivery in Alzheimer’s disease therapy: In vitro appraisal, in vivo activity, and
nanotoxicity. Journal of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, 19: 3698– 3711.
47. Yusuf, M., Khan, M., Khan, R. A. et al. 2013. Preparation, characterization, in vivo and biochem-
ical evaluation of brain targeted piperine solid lipid nanoparticles in an experimentally induced
Alzheimer’s disease model. Journal of Drug Targeting 21: 300– 311.
48. Elnaggar, Y. S., Etman, S. M., Abdelmonsif, D. A. et al. 2015. Intranasal piperine- loaded chitosan
potential toxicity. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 104: 3544– 3556.
49. Elnaggar, Y. S., Etman, S. M., Abdelmonsif, D. A. et al. 2015. Novel piperine- loaded Tween- integrated
monoolein cubosomes as brain- targeted oral nanomedicine in Alzheimer’s disease: Pharmaceutical,
biological, and toxicological studies. International Journal of Nanomedicine 10: 5459– 5473.
50. Priprem, A., Chonpathompikunlert, P., Sutthiparinyanont, S. et al. 2011. Antidepressant and cognitive
activities of intranasal piperine- encapsulated liposomes. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology
2: 108– 116.
88
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
51. Bhandari, A. K., Bisht, V. K., Negi, J. S. et al. 2013. 1,8- Cineole: A predominant component in the
essential oil of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research
7: 1957– 1960.
52. Morsy, N. F. 2015. A short extraction time of high quality hydrodistilled cardamom (Elettaria
cardamomum L. Maton) essential oil using ultrasound as a pretreatment. Industrial Crops and
Products 65: 287– 292.
53. Ghosh, S., Bhattacharjee, P., Das, S. 2015. 1,8- cineol- rich cardamom seed (Elettaria cardamomum)
extracts using green technologies and conventional extractions: Process analysis, phytochemical
characterization, and food application. Separation Science and Technology 50: 1974– 1985.
54. Paul, K., Bhattacharjee, P. 2018. Mass transfer and hydrodynamic study of supercritical carbon dioxide
extraction of 1,8- cineole from small cardamom seeds. Chemical Engineering Communications
205: 1023– 1033.
55. Paul, K., Bhattacharjee, P. 2018. Process optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of
1, 8- cineole from small cardamom seeds by response surface methodology: In vitro antioxidant,
antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic activities of extracts. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants
21: 317– 329.
56. Kamal, I. M., Das, A., Datta, S. et al. 2023. A Novel spice- antioxidant- based nano- vehicle as a puta-
tive green alternative of synthetic AChE inhibitor drugs. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and
Dynamics doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1080/ 07391 102.2023.2248 274.
57. Auti, S. T., Kulkarni, Y. A. 2019. Neuroprotective effect of cardamom oil against aluminum induced
neurotoxicity in rats. Frontiers in Neurology doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.3389/ fneur.2019.00399.
58. Ghahghaei, A., Bathaie, S. Z., Bahraminejad, E. 2012. Mechanisms of the effects of crocin on aggre-
gation and deposition of A
International Journal of Peptide
Research and Therapeutics 18: 347– 351.
59. Ghahghaei, A., Bathaie, S. Z., Kheirkhah, H. et al. 2013. The protective effect of crocin on the amyloid
42 peptide in vitro. Cellular and Molecular Biology Letters 18: 328– 339.
60.
aggregation and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus stigmas extract and its crocin constituents.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54: 8762– 8768.
61. Ghadrdoost, B., Vafaei, A. A., Rashidy- Pour, A. et al. 2011. Protective effects of saffron extract and
by chronic stress in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 667: 222– 229.
62. Batarseh, Y. S., Bharate, S. S., Kumar, V. et al. 2017. Crocus sativus extract tightens the blood- brain
ACS Chemical Neuroscience
8: 1756– 1766.
63. Akhondzadeh, S., Sabet, M. S., Harirchian, M. H. et al. 2010. A 22- week, multicenter, randomized,
double- blind controlled trial of Crocus sativus in the treatment of mild- to- moderate Alzheimer’s dis-
ease. Psychopharmacology 207: 637– 643.
64. Akhondzadeh, S., Sabet, M. S., Harirchian, M. H. et al. 2010. Saffron in the treatment of patients with
mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: A 16- week, randomized and placebo- controlled trial. Journal
of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 35: 581– 588.
65.
Crocus sativus L. with memantine in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease: A
double- blind randomized clinical trial. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental
29: 351– 359.
66. Tong, T., Jiang, Y., Guo, D. et al. 2018. Homogenate extraction of crocins from saffron optimized by
response surface methodology. Journal of Chemistry doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1155/ 2018/ 9649 062.
67. Karakani, A. M., Riazi, G., Ghaffari, S. M. et al. 2014. Inhibitory effect of crocin on aggregation of
1N/ 4R human tau protein in vitro. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 18: 485– 492.
68. Geromichalos, G. D., Lamari, F. N., Papandreou, M. A. et al. 2012. Saffron as a source of novel acetyl-
cholinesterase inhibitors: Molecular docking and in vitro enzymatic studies. Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry 60: 6131– 6138.
69. Rashedinia, M., Lari, P., Abnous, K. et al. 2015. Protective effect of crocin on acrolein- induced tau
phosphorylation in the rat brain. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 75: 208– 219.
89
Impact of Indian Herbs and Spices on Alzheimer’s Disease
70. Benkaci– Ali, F., Baaliouamer, A., Meklati, B. Y. et al. 2007. Chemical composition of seed essential
oils from Algerian Nigella sativa extracted by microwave and hydrodistillation. Flavour Fragrance
Journal 22: 148– 153.
71. Amin, B., Hosseinzadeh, H. 2015. Black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its active constituent,
Planta Medica
doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1055/ s- 0035- 1557 838.
72. Azzubaidi, M. S., Saxena, A. K., Talib, N. K. et al. 2012. Protective effect of treatment with black
cumin oil on spatial cognitive functions of rats that suffered global cerebrovascular hypoperfusion.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 72: 154– 165.
73. Ismail, N., Ismail, M., Azmi, N. H. et al. 2017. Thymoquinone- rich fraction nano emulsion
(TQRFNE) decreases A
40 and A
42 levels by modulating APP processing, up- regulating IDE and
LRP1, and down- regulating BACE1 and RAGE in response to high fat/ cholesterol diet- induced rats.
Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 95: 780– 788.
74. Piras, A., Rosa, B., Marongiua, S. et al. 2013. Chemical composition and in vitro bioactivity of the
Nigella sativa L. extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide. Industrial Crops
and Products 46: 317– 323.
75.
primary cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 33: 1159– 1169.
76. Khan, A., Vaibhav, K., Javed, H. et al. 2012. Attenuation of Ab- induced neurotoxicity by
thymoquinone via inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Molecular and
Cellular Biochemistry 369: 55– 65.
77. Cobourne- Duval, M. K., Taka, E., Mendonca, P. et al. 2016. The antioxidant effects of thymoquinone
in activated BV- 2 murine microglial cells. Neurochemical Research 41: 3227– 3238.
78. Rishitha, N., Muthuraman, A., Saravanababu, C. 2020. Therapeutic evaluation of thymoquinone in
the intracerebroventricular injection of L- cysteine induced vascular dementia in rats. International
Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases 10: 120– 127.
79. Laurus nobilis anti-
oxidant polyphenol enriched leaf extracts. Chemical Research in Toxicology doi: https:// doi.org/
10.1021/ tx5000 415.
80. Ferreira, A., Proenca, C., Serralheiro, M. L. M. et al. 2006. The in vitro screening for acetyl-
cholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants from Portugal. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 108: 31– 37.
81. Ayodeji, O. F., Goodness, I. O., Kayode, E. A. et al. 2021. Aqueous extracts of bay leaf (Laurus
nobilis) and rosemary (Rosmarinus ofcinalis) inhibit iron- induced lipid peroxidation and key-
enzymes implicated in Alzheimer’s disease in rat brain- in vitro. American Journal of Biochemistry
and Biotechnology doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.3844/ ajb bsp.9.22.
82. Brinza, I., Boiangiu, R. S., Hancianu, M. et al. 2021. Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) incense improved
scopolamine- induced amnesic rats by restoring cholinergic dysfunction and brain antioxidant status.
Antioxidants doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.3390/ ant iox1 0020 259.
83. Msaada, K., Hosni, K., Taarit, M.B. et al. 2007. Changes on essential oil composition of coriander
(Coriandrum sativum L.) fruits during three stages of maturity. Food Chemistry 102: 1131– 1134.
84. Mohan, M., Yarlagadda, S., Chintala, S. 2015. Effect of ethanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum on
tacrine induced or facial dyskinesia. International Journal of Experimental Biology 53: 292– 296.
85. Coriandrum sativum
leaves in mice. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91: 186– 192.
86. Caputo, L., Souza, L. F., Alloisio, S. et al. 2016. Coriandrum sativum and Lavandula angustifolia
essential oils: Chemical composition and activity on central nervous system. International Journal
of Molecular Science doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.3390/ ijms1 7121 999.
87. Cioanca, O., Hritcu, L., Mihasan, M. et al. 2013. Cognitive- enhancing and antioxidant activities of
Physiology and
Behavior 120: 193– 202.
88. Wang, C., Cai, X., Hu, W. et al. 2019. Investigation of the neuroprotective effects of crocin via
antioxidant activities in HT22 cells and in mice with Alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of
Molecular Medicine 43: 956– 96.
90
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
89. Linardaki, Z. I., Orkoula, M. G. Kokkosis, A. G. et al. 2013. Investigation of the neuroprotective
action of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in aluminum- exposed adult mice through behavioral and
neurobiochemical assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology 52: 163– 170.
90. Dashti- r, M. H., Zeinali, F., Anvari, M. et al. 2012. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extract prevents
and improves d- galactose and nano2 induced memory impairment in mice. EXCLI Journal
11: 328– 337.
91. Hosseinzadeh, H., Sadeghnia, H. R., Ghaeni, F. A. et al. 2012. Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus
L.) and its active constituent, crocin, on recognition and spatial memory after chronic cerebral
hypoperfusion in rats. Phytotherapy Research 26: 381– 386.
92. Naghizadeh, B., Mansouri, M. T., Ghorbanzadeh, B. et al. 2013. Protective effects of oral crocin
rats. Phytomedicine 20: 537– 542.
93.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and
Behavior 139: 47– 58.
94. Khalili, M., Hamzeh, F. 2010. Effects of active constituents of Crocus sativus L., crocin on
streptozocin- induced model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease in male rats. Iranian Biomedical
Journal 14: 59– 65.
95. Zhang, Y., Shoyama, Y., Sugiura, M. et al. 1994. Effects of Crocus sativus L. on the ethanol- induced
impairment of passive avoidance performances in mice. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
17: 217– 221.
96. Pitsikas, N., Sakellaridis, N. 2006. Crocus sativus L. extracts antagonize memory impairments in
different behavioural tasks in the rat. Behavioral Brain Research 173: 112– 115.
97. Beheshti, F., Hosseini, M., Vafaee, F. et al. 2016. Feeding of Nigella sativa during neonatal and
juvenile growth improves learning and memory of rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary
Medicine 6: 146– 152. doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.jtcme.2014.11.039.
98. Hosseini, M., Mohammadpour, T., Karami, R. et al. 2014. Effects of the hydro- alcoholic extract of
Nigella Sativa on scopolamine- induced spatial memory impairment in rats and its possible mech-
anism. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 21: 438– 444.
99. Sahak, M. K., Mohamed, A. M., Hashim, N. H. et al. 2013. Nigella sativa oil enhances the spatial
working memory performance of rats on a radial arm maze. Evidence Based Complementary and
Alternative Medicine: 1180598. doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1155/ 2013/ 180 598.
100. Imam, A., Ajao, M. S., Ajibola, M. I. et al. 2016. Black seed oil ameliorated scopolamine- induced
memory dysfunction and corticohippocampal neural alterations in male Wistar rats. Bulletin of
Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University 54: 49– 57.
101. El- Marasy, S. A., El- Shenawy, S. M., El- Khatib, A. S. et al. 2012. Effect of Nigella sativa and wheat
germ oils on scopolamine- induced memory impairment in rats. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy,
Cairo University 50: 81– 88.
102. Bargi, R., Asgharzadeh, F., Beheshti, F. et al. 2017. The effects of thymoquinone on hippocampal
rats. Cytokine 96: 173– 184.
103. Elibol, B., Terzioglu- Usak, S., Beker, M. et al. 2019. Thymoquinone (TQ) demonstrates its
Alzheimer’s disease. Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology 29: 379– 386.
104.
Molecular
Neurobiology 59: 3600– 3616.
105. Poorgholam, P., Yaghmaei, P., Hajebrahimi, Z. 2018. Thymoquinone recovers learning function in a
rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 8: 188– 197.
106. Sabogal- Guáqueta, A. M., Osorio, E., Cardona Gómez, G. P. 2016. Linalool reverses neuropatho-
logical and behavioral impairments in old triple transgenic Alzheimer’s mice. Neuropharmacology
102: 111– 120.
107. Xu, P., Wang, K., Lu, C. et al. 2017. Protective effects of linalool against amyloid beta induced cog-
Life Sciences 174: 21– 27.
91
Impact of Indian Herbs and Spices on Alzheimer’s Disease
108. Crocus sativus L. in
patients with mild cognitive impairment: One year single- blind randomized, with parallel groups,
clinical trial. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 54: 129– 133.
109. Bin Sayeed, M. S., Asaduzzaman, M. et al. 2013. The effect of Nigella sativa Linn. seed on memory,
attention and cognition in healthy human volunteers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 148: 780– 786.
110. Messina, M., Lampe, J. W., Birt, D. F. et al. 2001. Reductionism and the narrowing nutrition perspec-
tive: Time for re- evaluation and emphasis on food synergy. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics 101: 1416– 1419.
111. Liu, D., Shi, J., Ibarra, A. C. et al. 2008. The scavenging capacity and synergistic effects of lycopene,
LWT - Food Science and
Technology 41: 1344– 1349.
112. Chakraborty, S., Bhattacharjee, P. 2018. Design of lemon- mustard nutraceutical beverages based on
synergism among antioxidants and in vitro antioxidative, hypoglycaemic and hypocholesterolemic
activities: Characterization and shelf life studies. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization
12: 2110– 2120.
113. Chakraborty, S., Paul, K., Mallick, P. et al. 2019. Consortia of bioactives in supercritical carbon
dioxide extracts of mustard and small cardamom seeds lower serum cholesterol levels in rats: New
leads for hypocholesterolaemic supplements from spices. Journal of Nutritional Science 8: e32: 1–
15. doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1017/ jns.2019.28.
114. Paul, K., Chakraborty, S., Mallick, P. et al. 2021. Supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of small
cardamom and yellow mustard seeds have fasting hypoglycaemic effects: Diabetic rat, predictive
iHOMA2 models and molecular docking study. British Journal of Nutrition 125: 377– 388.
115. El- Naggar, T., Gomez- Serranillos, M. P., Palomino, O. M. et al. 2010. Nigella sativa L. seed
extract modulates the neurotransmitter amino acids release in cultured neurons in vitro. Journal of
Biomedicine and Biotechnology doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1155/ 2010/ 398 312.
116. Natural
Extracts using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Chapter 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 11– 39.
117. Anatus, P. T., Warner, J. C. 2000. Principles of Green Chemistry. In Green Chemistry: Theory and
Practice. Chapter 4. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. pp. 29– 55.
118. Chakraborty, S and Bhattacharjee, P 2017. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of melatonin from
Brassica campestris: In vitro antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycaemic activities of the
extracts. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 8: 2486– 2495.
119. Chakraborty, S., Bhattacharjee, P., Chatterjee. N. et al. 2022. PEGylated nanoencapsulate of
melatonin- rich supercritical CO
2
extract of yellow mustard seeds is an authentic lead for type 2
diabetes and cholesterol management. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature 12: 173–
189. doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1080/ 22311 866.2022.2029 563.
120. Chatterjee, D., Bhattacharjee, P. 2013. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of eugenol from
clove buds: Process optimization and packed bed characterization. Food and Bioprocess Technology
6: 2587– 2599.
121. Dutta, S., Bhattacharjee, P. 2015. Enzyme- assisted supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of black
pepper oleoresin for enhanced yield of piperine- rich extract. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
120: 17– 23.
122. Ghosh, S., Bhattacharjee, P., Das, S. 2015. 1,8- cineol- rich cardamom seed (Elettaria cardamomum)
extracts using green technologies and conventional extractions: Process analysis, phytochemical
characterization, and food application. Separation Science and Technology 50: 1974– 1985.
123. Ghosh, S., Dutta, S., Ghosh, P. et al. 2016. Design of a polyherbal mix using SC- CO
2
extraction and
encapsulation of the same using spray drying: Process characterization, phytochemical properties
and shelf life study. Journal of Food Process Engineering 40: 1– 15.
124. Dutta, S., Bhattacharjee, P. 2016. Modeling of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of piperine
from Malabar black pepper. Proceedings of International Conference in Advances in Bioprocess
Engineering and Technology (ICABET 2016), Materials Today: Proceedings 3: 3238– 3252.
125. Dutta, S., Bhattacharjee, P. 2017. Nanoliposomal encapsulates of piperine- rich black pepper extract
obtained by enzyme- assisted supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Journal of Food Engineering
201: 49– 56.
92
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
126. Chakraborty, S., Paul, K., Mallick, P. et al. 2019. Consortia of bioactives in supercritical carbon
dioxide extracts of mustard and small cardamom seeds lower serum cholesterol levels in rats: New
leads for hypocholesterolaemic supplements from spices. Journal of Nutritional Science 8: e32: 1–
15. doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1017/ jns.2019.28.
127. Battle, C. E., Abdul- Rahim, A. H., Shenkin, S. D. et al. 2021. Cholinesterase inhibitors for vascular
dementia and other vascular cognitive impairments: A network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database
Systematic Reviews. doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1002/ 14651 858.CD013 306.
128. Schultz, C. 2003. Prodrugs of biologically active phosphate esters. Bioorganic and Medicinal
Chemistry 11: 885– 898.
129. Yiannopoulou, K. G., Papageorgiou, S. G. 2013. Current and future treatments for Alzheimer’s dis-
ease. Therapeutical Advances in Neurological Diseases 6: 19– 33.
130. Anonymous. 2022b, December, 22. Donepezil Uses, side effects & Warnings. Retrieved from www.
drugs.com/ mtm/ donepe zil.html.
131. Viswanathan, P., Muralidaran, Y., Ragavan, G. 2017. Challenges in oral drug delivery: A nano- based
strategy to overcome. In Nanostructures for Oral Medicine. Chapter 7. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp.
173– 201.
132. Brglez, M. E., Knez, H. M., Škerget, M., Knez, T., and ren, U. 2016. Polyphenols: Extraction
methods, antioxidative action, bioavailability and anticarcinogenic effects. Molecules 21: 901.
133. Martyasari, N. W. R., Ardiana, N., Ilhami, B. T. K., et al. 2021. The effect of extraction solvent
polarity on cytotoxic properties of Sargassum crassifolium against B16– F10 melanoma cancer cell
model. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1088/ 1755-
1315/ 913/ 1/ 012 105.
134. Paul, K., Bhattacharjee, P., Chatterjee, N., et al. 2019. Nanoliposomes of supercritical carbon dioxide
extract of small cardamom seeds redresses type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Recent Patents
on Biotechnology 13: 284– 303.
135. Colovic, M. B., Krstic, D. Z., Lazarevic- Pasti, T. D. et al. 2013. Acetylcholinesterase
inhibitors: Pharmacology and toxicology. Current Neuropharmacology 11: 315– 335.
136. Babitha, P. P., Sahila, M. M., Bandaru, S. et al. 2015. Molecular docking and pharmacological
Bioinformation 11: 378– 386.
137. Makarian, M., Gonzalez, M., Salvador, S. M. et al. 2022. Synthesis, kinetic evaluation and molecular
docking studies of donepezil- based acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Journal of Molecular Structure
5: 1247: 131425. doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.molst ruc.2021.131 425.
138. Elder, G. A., Gama Sosa, M. A., Gasperi, R. A. 2010. Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s dis-
ease. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 77: 69– 81.
139. Lee, J. C., Park, J. H., Ahn, J. H. et al. 2018. Effects of chronic scopolamine treatment on cognitive
Molecular Medicine Reports
17: 1625– 1632.
140. Vorhees, C. V., Williams, M. T. 2006. Morris water maze: Procedures for assessing spatial and related
forms of learning and memory. Nature Protocols 1: 848– 858.
141. Palmer, D., Dumont, J. R., Dexter, T. D. et al. 2021. Touchscreen cognitive testing: Cross- species
translation and co- clinical trials in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disease. Neurobiology of
Learning and Memory doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.nlm.2021.107 443.
142. Anonymous. 2022c, December, 22. Bussey- Saksida Touch Systems – Lafayette Neuroscience.
Retrieved from https:// lafaye tten euro scie nce.com/ list ing/ bus sey- saks ida- touch- syst ems.
143. Delotterie, D., Mathis, C., Cassel, J. C. et al. 2014. Optimization of touchscreen- based behavioral
paradigms in mice: implications for building a battery of tasks taxing learning and memory functions.
PLoS ONE doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1371/ jour nal.pone.0100 817.
144. Romberg, C., Mattson, M. P., Mughal, M. R. et al. 2011. Impaired attention in the 3xTgAD model
of Alzheimer’s disease assessed using a translational touchscreen method for mice: Rescue by
donepezil (Aricept). Journal of Neuroscience: The Ofcial Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
31: 3500– 3507.
145. Kim, C. H., Heath, C. J., Kent, B. A. et al. 2015a. The role of the dorsal hippocampus in two versions
of the touchscreen automated paired associates learning (PAL) task for mice. Psychopharmacology
232: 3899– 3910.
93
Impact of Indian Herbs and Spices on Alzheimer’s Disease
146. Kim, C. H., Hvoslef- Eide, M., Nilsson, S. R. et al. 2015b. The continuous performance test
(rCPT) for mice: A novel operant touchscreen test of attentional function. Psychopharmacology
232: 3947– 3966.
147. Moser. 2014. Grid cells, Place cells and Memory, Nobel lecture, December 7, 2014 by May- Brit
Moser, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. Retrieved
from www.nob elpr ize.org/ pri zes/ medic ine/ 2014/ may- britt- moser/ lect ure. Accessed on December,
22, 2022.
148. Patel, A. B., de Graaf, R. A., Mason, G. F. et al. 2005. The contribution of GABA to glutamate/ glu-
tamine cycling and energy metabolism in the rat cortex in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences 102: 5588– 5593.
149. Mishra, P. K., Kumar, A., Behar, K. L. et al. 2018. Sub anesthetic ketamine reverses neuronal and
Journal of Neurochemistry
146: 722– 734.
150. Aerts, L., Miccoli, B., Delahanty, A. et al. 2022. Do we still need animals? Surveying the role of
animal- free models in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease research. The EMBO Journal doi: https://
doi.org/ 10.15252/ embj.202 1110 002.
151. Naqvi, F., Haider, S., Naqvi, F. et al. 2019. A comparative study showing greater effects of curcumin
compared to donepezil on memory function in rats. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
32: 53– 60.
152. Caraci, F., Sultana, J., Drago, F. et al. 2017. Clinically relevant drug interactions with anti- Alzheimer’s
drugs. CNS and Neurological Disorders- Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets- CNS and
Neurological Disorders) 16: 501– 513.
153. Savran, M., Halil, A. S. C. I., Sengeze, N. et al. 2019. The potential drug- drug interactions
in Alzheimer patients’ treatment. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi,
10: 381– 388.
154. Akimoto, H., Negishi, A., Oshima, S., et al. 2020. Antidiabetic drugs for the risk of Slzheimer dis-
ease in patients with type 2 DM using FAERS. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other
Dementias® 35: 1– 11. doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1177/ 15333 1751 9899 546.
155. Ding, X. W., Li, R., Geetha, T. et al. 2020. Nerve growth factor in metabolic complications and
Alzheimer’s disease: Physiology and therapeutic potential. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-
Molecular Basis of Disease doi: https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.bba dis.2020.165 858.
156. Pasqualetti, G., Tognini, S., Calsolaro, V. et al. 2015. Potential drug- drug interactions in Alzheimer
patients with behavioral symptoms. Clinical Interventions in Aging 10: 1457.
157. Mehrpouya, M., Ataei, S., Nili- Ahmadabadi, A. 2017. Potential drug interactions with cholinesterase
inhibitors in Alzheimer patients: A guideline for neurologists. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical
Science 7: 223– 226.
158. Briguglio, M., Hrelia, S., Malaguti, M. et al. 2018. Food bioactive compounds and their interference
Pharmaceutics 10: 277– 299.
appendix- i
List of Abbreviations
AChE Acetylcholinesterase
AD Alzheimer’s disease
ADAS- cog AD assessment scale- cognitive subscale
ADMET Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity
Aβ Amyloid beta
BBB Blood- brain- barrier
CDR- SB Clinical dementia rating scale: sums of boxes
CGN Cerebellar granules
DPPH 2,2- diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl
EDX Energy dispersive X- ray
EE Enzyme- assisted solvent extraction