Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5264_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
134
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
the different CNS activities have been extensively investigated to report the role of acetylcholine
elevating role in the hippocampus [61
orate the neurodegenerative role of AchE in the brain, which is considered to be one of the major
the AchE level in the CA1 region of the hippocampus to prevent vascular dementia [62]. Another
possible mechanism by which the herb may exhibit its neuroprotective action may include its ability
promoting antioxidant defence mechanisms in the CNS, subsequently providing neuroprotective
action [63].
7.5.6 Cyperus rotundus (family: cyPeraceae)
The use of herbs from the Cyperus genus from the family Cyperaceae has been going on for ages.
Commonly known as nut grass or Nagarmotha, this plant has been used widely in different traditional
systems of medicine for a very long time. Native to wetlands of tropical and subtropical regions,
the plant is abundantly found in the Indian subcontinent. It has found uses in the remedy of stomach
and bowel disorders, used as a diuretic, for menstrual irregularities, and for digestion, among many
others [64]. The major chemical components of the plant include quercetin and chlorogenic acid,
while thiazole and decanoic acid derivatives are other constituents of the plant [65].
Cyperus rotundus, a nervine tonic from Ayurveda, has been exceptional in exhibiting
tendencies. It reduces malondialdehyde (MDA) and elevates superoxide dismutase along with gluta-
in neurodegeneration by increasing glutamate content and elevating glutamine synthase and Na
+
- K
+
ATPase to nullify oxidative stress and excitotoxicity during neurodegenerative disorders [66].
-
67]. Additionally, the combined extract of Cyperus rotundus and Zingiber ofcinalis
have been established as major supplements in the treatment of dementia. The extract has been
proven to reduce memory impairment by different mechanisms. The possible mechanism includes
reducing oxidative stress, which subsequently increases pERK1/ 2 in the hippocampus and also
decreasing AchE activity, which acts as one major mechanism in attenuating neurodegenerative
68].
7.5.7 Embelia ribes (family: Primulaceae)
Embelia ribes, commonly known as Vidanga or false black pepper, is one of the widely investigated
herbs in Ayurveda as a memory booster. It has been well- versed in the treatment of different human
ailments like rhinitis, haemorrhage, and epilepsy, among others. The plant is a rich source of sec-
ondary metabolites, which contribute to its different pharmacological activities. Embelin, a nat-
hepatoprotective, analgesic, antioxidant, and wound healing, among others [69].
the activity of AchE to enhance the functionality of the cholinergic nervous system to enhance memory.
It has been found to modulate the expression of BDNF, CREB1, and catalase m- RNA levels, which
decreases as a marker in Alzheimer’s disease [70]. Other studies have also supported the hypothesis of
Embelin being able to provide neuroprotective action in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s by
exerting antioxidant properties. Embelin has been reported to show anxiolytic effects by exerting agon-
istic effects GABA/ benzodiazepine receptor complex [71].
135
Role of Herbal Drugs as Potential Therapeutics in Dementia
7.5.8 Huperzia serrata (family: lycoPodiaceae)
Asian countries like China, Japan, Vietnam etc. Huperzia serrata is widely used for its noo-
tropic effects and has been in use for several centuries. Though, initially, it was unknown which
particular secondary metabolite was responsible for the nootropic activity, later Huperzine
A was found to be responsible for the activities. Huperzine A, a lycopodium alkaloid, has been
accounted for the crucial nootropic activity of the plant and has been approved as a dietary
supplement [72].
Huperzine A has shown moderate inhibition of AchE, which is considered to be one of the major
inactive nature of the compound against butyrylcholinesterase (BuchE) in the same dose. Additional
with mild antioxidant properties [73]. Huperzine A is also an NMDA receptor antagonist, which
also favours its neuroprotective activity. Huperzine A, a quinolizidine alkaloid, has been effective in
regulating glutamate levels in the brain, which plays an important role in the onset of Alzheimer’s
disease- mediated dementia [74]. A different study also reported the role of secondary metabolites
from an epiphytic fungus; Colletotrichum spp., to exert neuroprotective action in Alzheimer’s dis-
ease. The fungus from Huperzia serrata contains different chemical components that show potent
AchE inhibitory effects in studies [75].
7.5.9 Marsilea minuta (family: marsileaceae)
Marsilea minuta, commonly known as dwarf water clover or Sushnisak in Bengali, is an aquatic
or semi- aquatic plant that can be found in the waterlands of the Indian subcontinent. The plant is a
very well- known dietary component among the native ethnicities. The major chemical component
terpenoids, anthraquinones, and coumarins. Marsilea minuta has been used in Ayurveda for a very
long time for its antipyretic, analgesic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antitussive,
anti- amnesic, antifertility, and antioxidant properties [76].
The standardized extract of the leaves has been shown to exhibit antidepressant activity by
downregulating the 5- HT2A receptor in the frontal cortex. The plant is often investigated for its
potential as a sedative and antidepressant [77]. Marsilea minuta has been investigated for its fabled
anti- amnesic activity extensively, and reports suggest that its standardized ethanolic extract is able
to exert memory- enhancing properties. The nootropic potential of the plant may be a result of its
ability to interfere with the cholinergic nervous system. It is reported to inhibit Ach metabolism,
mediated by AchE, by interfering with the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase. The role of nicotinic and
muscarinic receptors of the cholinergic nervous system is well established, and targeting the AchE
enzyme has been a therapeutic approach for nootropics [78].
7.5.10 Piper betel (family: PiPeraceae)
Since ancient times, Piper betel leaves have been used for different religious, recreational and medi-
cinal aspects in the Indian subcontinent. The popular mouth freshener has been consumed for its
pungent and aromatic properties. Additionally, it has been effective in showing carminative, anti-
microbial, antioxidant, free radical scavenging and neuroprotective actions. The major phytochem-
ical components of the leaves, the most widely used part of the plant, include a plethora of diverse
components that are responsible for exhibiting the different pharmacological activities. They consist
of different terpenoids, volatile oils, and tannins like cadinene, eugenol, chavicol, methyl chavicol,
79, 80].
136
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
Traditionally, it has been consumed by chewing the leaves, which is said to be effective for its
mild infections in the eyes and night blindness. However, these uses are still to be validated,
and their activity in combatting Alzheimer’s disease- induced dementia is well established.
The terpenoids and phenylpropanoids from the leaves have been instrumental in improving
scopolamine- induced amnesia in a dose- dependent manner [81
ultimate neurodegeneration. Hydroxychavicol, a major component of the leaves of Piper betel,
has been able to successfully reverse the effects of AchE to establish cholinergic transmission
in the brain, which is considered to be an important therapeutic approach towards combatting
dementia in Alzheimer’s disease [82].
7.5.11 Polygala tenuifolia (family: PolyGalaceae)
The traditional Chinese system of medicine has been one of the richest sources of crude drugs
from natural sources, along with Ayurveda. Polygala tenuifolia, a common Chinese herb known as
Yuanzhi, is a widely used herb in the Chinese system of medicine. It has been used in light of its
possible effects on the brain. It has been widely investigated for its nootropic properties, and pres-
ently, studies are being conducted to establish its cognition- boosting properties. The aerial parts,
as well as the roots of the plant, contain diverse phytochemical constituents, which are probably
responsible for its neuroprotective activities. Studies have revealed the presence of saponins such
as tenuifolin, onjisaponins; xanthones such as onjixanthone, polygalaxanthones; oligosaccharides
like tenuifolisides and other components in the herbs which have been instrumental in its different
pharmacological activities [83].
Polygalasaponin XXXII was investigated for its cognition- boosting effects, which may be
mediated by the activation of the ERK/ MAPK pathway and expression of BDNF. The activity may
also be dependent on CREB activation, which acts as one of the major components in the acquisition
and retention of memory. Polygalasaponin XII may also contribute to its cognition- enhancing prop-
erty by expressing BDNF, whose level declines in ageing patients with Alzheimer’s disease [84].
Senegenin, another saponin from the plant, is also able to promote neuroprotection by activating
PI3K/ Akt signalling cascade, which prolongs neuronal survival. Another possible mechanism
85]. Additional
studies have also revealed the role of the aerial parts of the plant in ameliorating neurodegeneration
by elevating BDNF levels along with exhibiting antioxidant effects through increasing super-
oxide dismutase and glutathione levels while reducing malonaldehyde levels. The activity is also
86]. 3,6
’
- Disinapoyl sucrose (DISS) has been proven
to exhibit excellent hippocampal neurogenesis, activating the amyloid precursor protein/ neuronal
stem cell- mediated proliferation [87].
7.5.12 Salvia officinalis (family: lamiaceae)
Salvia ofcinalis, also known as sage, has been used
for a very long time. Sage is one of the most widely used condiments in Asian and Latin American
delicacies due to its pleasant aroma, which comes from the essential oils in the aerial parts of the
shrub. The plant has been extensively used in folk medicine for its potential in rheumatism, gout,
been conducted to establish its nootropic properties [88].
137
Role of Herbal Drugs as Potential Therapeutics in Dementia
The plant is a rich source of diverse phytochemicals, which include phenolic acids like caffeic
kaempferol, and quercetin; terpenoids like thujone, caryophyllene, carnosic acid and ursolic acid
among others [89]. The aromatic components of the plants have exhibited cognition- enhancing
properties by modulating the cholinergic nervous system. Volatile oils like thujone have been
effective in inhibiting AchE activity, which plays a crucial role in the progression of dementia.
Nicotinic and muscarinic transmission has been a well- documented therapeutic approach in
dementia [90]. A different study has been conducted to observe the synergistic effect of the different
species of sages (Salvia ofcinalis and Salvia lavandulaefolia). The study found the role of these
hydroalcoholic extracts in increasing the calmodulin- dependent protein kinase II expression, which
plays an important role in memory and other neuronal functions like neuronal metabolism, synaptic
plasticity and neuronal signal transduction [91].
7.5.13 Vitis vinifera (family: viTaceae)
Vitis vinifera
grows in the Mediterranean region and several European as well as Asian countries. The plant is a
oleanolic acid, betulinic acid, resveratrol, viniferin, and gallic acid are some of its major phytochem-
ical constituents, among others. Various parts of the plant have been examined to report antioxidant,
92].
Grapevine has been extensively investigated for its potential in the treatment of Alzheimer’s dis-
ease. Initial studies have reported the adaptogenic and nootropic properties of the ethanol extract
of fruits and seeds. Findings suggested the inhibition of the free radicals has played a key role in
providing the neuroprotective property of the plant [93]. A different study has been conducted to
isolate novel stilbenes from the aerial parts of the plant and investigate their potential in Alzheimer’s
disease [94]. The study revealed that Vitisinol C, an oligostibene from the shoot of the plant, has
from the herb are also capable of enhancing learning and memory. The underlying mechanism for
their bioactivity may include expression of p- CREB, BDNF and synaptotagmin- 1(SYT1) in the
hippocampal region. BDNF and SYT1 promote neurodegeneration and increase synaptic plasticity,
which is considered to be a great therapeutic approach in combatting neurodegenerative disorders
like Alzheimer’s disease [95].
Structures of a few crucial phytochemicals have been shown in Figure 7.3a and Figure 7.3b,
which potentially show nootropic effects.
An additional list has been incorporated to enumerate the more common crude drugs that have
been used in neurodegenerative disorders that result in dementia in Table 7.1.
7.6 CONCLUSION
Neurodegenerative disorders have continued to be one of the major contributors to cognitive impair-
ment in the global population. Dementia, as already described, is a result of different neurological
disorders and hence can be considered to play a major role in the increasing global disease burden.
The complex pathophysiological conditions that lead to dementia are often related to diseases, and
its prevention seems almost impossible. However, extensive research has provided some succour in
of synthetic origin fail to cater for the general requirement of functioning through multiple modes
and are often responsible for adverse effects that prove to be harmful in the long run. Naturally
occurring nootropics are considered to be more suitable candidates to act through multiple modes
138
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
and impede disease progression. Traditional systems of medicines have contributed immensely
Nootropic drugs from natural sources have been in use for centuries, owing to the contribution of
ancient civilizations. In recent years, these herbs have been extensively investigated to identify the
phytopharmaceuticals responsible for exerting neuroprotective action and its underlying mechanisms
of action. It can be concluded from the different studies that plants and their phytoconstituents
often function through more than one mechanism, which has been proven to be useful in mitiga-
tion, management and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Disorders associated with ageing,
FIGURE 7.3b Structures of some secondary metabolites from the plant sources exerting nootropic activity.
FIGURE 7.3a Structures of some secondary metabolites from the plant sources exerting nootropic activity.
139
Role of Herbal Drugs as Potential Therapeutics in Dementia
(continued)
TABLE 7.1
List of some well- known herbs used as memory boosters
Plant Family Chemical constituents Mechanism of action
Acorus calamus
[96]
Acoraceae
enhancing ACh activity. Asarones in
cytokines.
Centella asiatica
[97, 98]
Apiaceae Asiatic acid, Asiaticosside,
Madecassic acid, Madecassoside.
Improves blood circulation in the brain.
Ameliorates Scopolamine induced memory
impairment through inhibition of AChE.
on hippocampus. Asiaticoside also exerts
neuroprotective action by inhibiting p38
MAPK pathway.
Ilex
paraguariensis
[99]
Aquifoliaceae Polyphenol (Chlorogenic acid),
tannins, xanthines (Caffeine,
Theophylline, Theobromine),
Flavonoids (Kaempferol and
Quercetin), Saponins and Vitamins
(A, C, B1, B12, E).
Provides neuroprotective action by preventing
Celastrus
paniculatus
[100]
Celastraceae Triterpenoid Pristimerin,
Sesquiterpenoid polyalcohol
esters (Celapnin, Polyalcohol
A- D, Malkanguniol,
Malkanginnol), Polyaclcohol
(Paniculatusdiol), Alkaloids
celastrine, Paniculatin,
Calapagine, Celapanine,
acids (Palmitic, Stearic and
Lignosteric acid), unsaturated
fatty acids (Oleic, Linoleic,
Linolenic acid), Phenolic
triterpenoids (Paniculatadiol,
Celastriol).
Whole plant extract has been used as
anti- epileptic. Seed oil is used as brain
tonic as neuroprotective agent, while
improving learning and memory. Decreases
noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine
levels in the brain. Also reduces AChE
activity.
Convolvulus
pluricaulis
[101]
Convolvulaceae
Decanoic acid, Carbohydrates,
Vitamin E, Valeric acid, Cinnamic
acid, Squalene, Linoleic acid,
Pthalic acid, Gums and several
other alkaloids.
Prominent memory enhancing drug, a
psycostimulant and tranquilliser. Brain
tonic from the whole plant is believed to
be memory enhancer and also increases
intellect. Consumption of the drug
prevents memory loss. Aq. extract of the
plant has been proven to downregulate
and increases longevity of the human
140
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
Plant Family Chemical constituents Mechanism of action
Cornus ofcinalis
[102, 103]
Cornaceae Anthocyanin, Flavonoid (Quercetin),
Phenolic acids (trans- cinnamic
and benzoic acid), Triterpenoids
and Carbohydrates. Cornel
iridoid glycosides (CIG) are
the main constituents of the
plant. Polyphenolic such as
telimagrandin I and tellimagrandin
II are also present.
CIG has the ability to promote neurogenesis
and also promote neurological functionality
in ischaemic rats. CIG also improves
memory loss in Fimbria- fornix transaction.
Reduces loss of neurone in hippocampus.
Anti- amnesic and neuroprotective action of
the plant is due to its antioxidant and radical
scavenging properties. The polyphenols also
exhibit neuroprotective activity in AD by
downregulating different enzymes responsible
for development of the disease.
Ginkgo biloba
[104]
Ginkgoaceae Terpenoids (Bilobalide, Ginkgolide
A, B, C, J, M), Flavonoids like
(Kaempferol, Quercetin).
EGb761, an aqueous extract of the plant is
widely used for its effects on neurological
systems. It can interact with the cholinergic
system and promotes regeneration of
neuronal stem cells. It also enhances
promotes supply of nutrients in the brain.
Ginkgo also eliminates free radicals from
the body, thereby improving memory
and other cognitive functions. Bilobalide
has shown neuroprotective action in
cerebral ischaemia. EGb761 exhibits
antioxidant activity and downregulate
induced neurotoxicity; making it a prime
candidate in the treatment of AD.
Hypericum
perforatum
[105, 106]
Hyperiaceae
Hyperoside, Quercetin, biapigenin,
isoquercetin, kaempferol),
phenolic compounds, acylated
phloroglucinol (hyperforin),
naphthodianthrones.
Rutin prevents cytotoxicity and accumulation
damage, ROS, oxidative stress and reduces
production. Ameliorates spatial and
learning memory. Helps in generation of
sheath surrounding the nerves.
Crocus sativus
[107, 108]
Iridaceae
safranal, water- soluble
and thiamine), carbohydrates, low
concentration of monoterpene
aldehydes and its glucosides,
lipids, polypeptides, proteins,
isorhamnetin), anthocyanins
(petunidin, malvidin and
delphinidin), starch, amino acids,
gums and minerals.
Neuroprotective (Anti- Alzheimer, anti-
Parkinson), learning and memory
enhancer, anxiolytic and hypnotic, in
and brain damage, against Morphine
reverses Scopolamine induced dementia.
brain- derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
(both transcriptomic and protein levels)
and cyclic- AMP response element binding
protein (CREB) (only protein levels) in the
hippocampus.
TABLE 7.1 (Continued)
List of some well- known herbs used as memory boosters
141
Role of Herbal Drugs as Potential Therapeutics in Dementia
Plant Family Chemical constituents Mechanism of action
Gastrodia elata
[109]
Orchidaceae Gastrodin (4- hydroxybenzyl
levels in a dose dependent manner. This is
secretase activities.
Phyllanthus
emblica [110,
111]
Phyllanthaceae Vitamin C, tannins, oils, polyphenols
(gallic acid, pyrogallol, ellagic
acid, punigluconin, chebulinic
acid, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin,
phyllembin), amino acids and
diiferent sugars.
Amla shows positive effect on
scopolamine and diazepam induced
memory loss. It increases memory and
learning. Lowers cholesterol and decreases
cholinesterase activity. It is a potent
antioxidant which prevents oxidative
damage to the brain.
Bacopa monnieri
[112]
Plantaginaceae Alkaloids (Brahmine, Herpestine),
steroidal saponins (hersaponin,
bacopaside I- XII, bacosaponins,
bacosides A, B and monnierin).
Learning and memory was enhanced.
Amnesia induced by electroschock
treatment or scopolamine was ameliorated.
Protein kinase C activity in the
hippocampus was enhanced which acts as
nootropic. It has inhibitory action against
AChE.
Camellia sinensis
[113]
Theaceae Polyphenols (chlorogenic acid,
gallic acid, caffeic acid),
alkaloids (theophylline, caffeine,
(quercetin, kaempferol and
myricetin), catechins and
epigallocatechin 3 gallate (ECGC).
amyloid monomers: major contributor in
formation of amyloid plaque in the brain;
resulting in AD. Reduces learning and
property, it can prevent neurodegeneration
caused by oxidative stress which is induced
by free radicals.
Curcuma longa
[114]
Zingiberaceae Curcuminoids (Curcumin).
promotes disaggregation of the same at
low concentration. It can also decrease
by interrupting with Presenilin I (PS1)
expression and glycogen synthase kinase
neuroprotective activity by attenuating
quinoprotein development and MAPK
expression. Increases cognitive function
by restoring low IGF1 levels. Shows
antiepileptic action by antioxidant
activity.
-
phytochemicals from different sources have been able to modulate the cholinergic nervous system
and potentiate the role of acetylcholine in learning and memory. This chapter has been dedicated to
enumerating different herbs that act in multiple modes in alleviating the neurological conditions that
lead to cognitive impairment and, subsequently, dementia.
TABLE 7.1 (Continued)
List of some well- known herbs used as memory boosters
142
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
REFERENCES
1. S. Halder, U. Anand, S. Nandy, P. Oleksak, S. Qusti, E.M. Alshammari, G. El- Saber Batiha, E.P.
Koshy, A. Dey, Herbal drugs and natural bioactive products as potential therapeutics: A review on
pro- cognitives and brain boosters perspectives, Saudi Pharm J, 29 (2021) 879– 907. https:// doi.org/
10.1016/ j.jsps.2021.07.003.
2. S. Rho, M. Kang, B. Choi, D. Sim, J. Lee, E. Lee, C. Cho, J.W. Oh, S. Park, S. Ko, M. Shin, M. Hong,
H. Bae, Effects of Yukmijihwang- tang derivatives (YMJd), a memory enhancing herbal extract, on
Biol Pharm Bull, 28 (2005) 87– 93. https:// doi.
org/ 10.1248/ bpb.28.87.
3. K.S. Anand, V. Dhikav, Hippocampus in health and disease: An overview, Ann Indian Acad Neurol,
15 (2012) 239– 46. https:// doi.org/ 10.4103/ 0972- 2327.104 323.
4.
process oriented behavioral assessment, Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 33 (2009)
774– 81. https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.pnpbp.2009.03.037.
5. H.J. Markowitsch, M. Pritzel, The neuropathology of amnesia, Prog Neurobiol, 25 (1985) 189– 287.
https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ 0301- 0082(85)90016- 4.
6. Eur
J Neurosci, 33 (2011) 1101– 14. https:// doi.org/ 10.1111/ j.1460- 9568.2011.07609.x.
7. F. Stella, E. Cerasti, B. Si, K. Jezek, A. Treves, Self- organization of multiple spatial and context
memories in the hippocampus, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 36 (2012) 1609– 25. https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/
j.neubio rev.2011.12.002.
8. H. Toyoda, X.Y. Li, L.J. Wu, M.G. Zhao, G. Descalzi, T. Chen, K. Koga, M. Zhuo, Interplay of
amygdala and cingulate plasticity in emotional fear, Neural Plast, 2011 (2011) 813749. https:// doi.
org/ 10.1155/ 2011/ 813 749.
9. A. Knapman, S.F. Kaltwasser, D. Martins- de- Souza, F. Holsboer, R. Landgraf, C.W. Turck, M.
Czisch, C. Touma, Increased stress reactivity is associated with reduced hippocampal activity and
neuronal integrity along with changes in energy metabolism, Eur J Neurosci, 35 (2012) 412– 22.
https:// doi.org/ 10.1111/ j.1460- 9568.2011.07968.x.
10. I. Morgado- Bernal, Learning and memory consolidation: linking molecular and behavioral data,
Neuroscience, 176 (2011) 12– 9. https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.neuro scie nce.2010.12.056.
11. A.M. Stranahan, M.P. Mattson, Selective vulnerability of neurons in layer II of the entorhinal cortex
during aging and Alzheimer’s disease, Neural Plast, 2010 (2010) 108190. https:// doi.org/ 10.1155/
2010/ 108 190.
12. A.V. Terry, Jr. J.J. Buccafusco, The cholinergic hypothesis of age and Alzheimer’s disease- related
J Pharmacol
Exp Ther, 306 (2003) 821– 7. https:// doi.org/ 10.1124/ jpet.102.041 616.
13. A. Atri, S. Sherman, K.A. Norman, B.A. Kirchhoff, M.M. Nicolas, M.D. Greicius, S.C. Cramer, H.C.
Breiter, M.E. Hasselmo, C.E. Stern, Blockade of central cholinergic receptors impairs new learning
and increases proactive interference in a word paired- associate memory task, Behav Neurosci, 118
(2004) 223– 36. https:// doi.org/ 10.1037/ 0735- 7044.118.1.223.
14. M.E. Hasselmo J. McGaughy, High acetylcholine levels set circuit dynamics for attention and
encoding and low acetylcholine levels set dynamics for consolidation, Prog Brain Res, 145 (2004)
207– 31. https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ s0079- 6123(03)45015- 2.
15. L.M. Giocomo M.E. Hasselmo, Nicotinic modulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission
in region CA3 of the hippocampus, Eur J Neurosci, 22 (2005) 1349– 56. https:// doi.org/ 10.1111/
j.1460- 9568.2005.04316.x.
16. K.E. Vogt W.G. Regehr, Cholinergic modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA3 area of
the hippocampus, J Neurosci, 21 (2001) 75– 83. https:// doi.org/ 10.1523/ jneuro sci.21- 01- 00075.2001.
17. C.J. Siok, J.A. Rogers, B. Kocsis, M. Hajós, Activation of alpha7 acetylcholine receptors augments
stimulation- induced hippocampal theta oscillation, Eur J Neurosci, 23 (2006) 570– 4. https:// doi.org/
10.1111/ j.1460- 9568.2005.04560.x.
18. B.J. Young, T. Otto, G.D. Fox, H. Eichenbaum, Memory representation within the parahippocampal
region, J Neurosci, 17 (1997) 5183– 95. https:// doi.org/ 10.1523/ jneuro sci.17- 13- 05183.1997.
143
Role of Herbal Drugs as Potential Therapeutics in Dementia
19. S.V. Ovsepian, R. Anwyl, M.J. Rowan, Endogenous acetylcholine lowers the threshold for long- term
potentiation induction in the CA1 area through muscarinic receptor activation: in vivo study, Eur J
Neurosci, 20 (2004) 1267– 75. https:// doi.org/ 10.1111/ j.1460- 9568.2004.03582.x.
20. S.A. Gale, D. Acar, K.R. Daffner, Dementia, Am J Med, 131 (2018) 1161– 9. https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/
j.amj med.2018.01.022.
21. M. Wortmann, Dementia: a global health priority – highlights from an ADI and World Health
Organization report, Alzheimers Res Ther, 4 (2012) 40. https:// doi.org/ 10.1186/ alzrt 143.
22. J.A. Dumas, P.A. Newhouse, The cholinergic hypothesis of cognitive aging revisited again: cho-
linergic functional compensation, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 99 (2011) 254– 61. https:// doi.org/
10.1016/ j.pbb.2011.02.022.
23. W. Froestl, A. Muhs, A.J.J.o.A.s.D. Pfeifer, Cognitive enhancers (nootropics). Part 1: Drugs
interacting with receptors. Update 2014, 41 (2014) 961– 1019.
24. W. Froestl, A. Muhs, A.J.J.o.A.s.D. Pfeifer, Cognitive enhancers (nootropics). Part 2: Drugs
interacting with enzymes. Update 2014, 42 (2014) 1– 68.
25. W. Froestl, A. Pfeifer, A.J.J.o.A.s.D. Muhs, Cognitive enhancers (Nootropics). Part 3: drugs
interacting with targets other than receptors or enzymes. Disease- Modifying Drugs. Update 2014, 42
(2014) 1079– 1149.
26. K. Brueggen, E. Kasper, S. Ochmann, H. Pfaff, S. Webel, W. Schneider, S. Teipel, Cognitive rehabili-
tation in Alzheimer’s disease: A controlled intervention trial, J Alzheimers Dis, 57 (2017) 1315– 24.
https:// doi.org/ 10.3233/ jad- 160 771.
27.
M.S. Amran, G. Md Ashraf, NMDA receptor antagonists: Repositioning of memantine as a
multitargeting agent for Alzheimer’s therapy, Curr Pharm Des, 25 (2019) 3506– 3518. https:// doi.
org/ 10.2174/ 138161 2825 6661 9101 1102 444.
28. M. Kostomoiri, A. Fragkouli, M. Sagnou, L.A. Skaltsounis, M. Pelecanou, E.C. Tsilibary, A.K.
Cell Mol Neurobiol, 33 (2013) 147– 54. https:// doi.org/
10.1007/ s10 571- 012- 9880- 9.
29.
ACS Chem Neurosci, 7 (2016) 56– 68. https:// doi.org/ 10.1021/ acsch
emne uro.5b00 214.
30. H.J. Wobst, A. Sharma, M.I. Diamond, E.E. Wanker, J. Bieschke, The green tea polyphenol
(- )- epigallocatechin gallate prevents the aggregation of tau protein into toxic oligomers
at substoichiometric ratios, FEBS Lett, 589 (2015) 77– 83. https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.febs
let.2014.11.026.
31. M. Pickhardt, Z. Gazova, M. von Bergen, I. Khlistunova, Y. Wang, A. Hascher, E.M. Mandelkow,
J. Biernat, E. Mandelkow, Anthraquinones inhibit tau aggregation and dissolve Alzheimer’s paired
J Biol Chem, 280 (2005) 3628– 35. https:// doi.org/ 10.1074/ jbc.
M41 0984 200.
32.
mediated cytoprotection of PC12 cells challenged by hydrogen peroxide, J Agric Food Chem, 57
(2009) 2576– 82. https:// doi.org/ 10.1021/ jf8033 607.
33. C. Menard, S. Bastianetto, R. Quirion, Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol and epigallocatechin
gallate polyphenols are mediated by the activation of protein kinase C gamma, Front Cell Neurosci,
7 (2013) 281. https:// doi.org/ 10.3389/ fncel.2013.00281.
34. S. Qin, F. Deng, W. Wu, L. Jiang, T. Yamashiro, S. Yano, D.X. Hou, Baicalein modulates Nrf2/ Keap1
system in both Keap1- dependent and Keap1- independent mechanisms, Arch Biochem Biophys, 559
(2014) 53– 61. https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.abb.2014.03.011.
35. V.K. Gupta, S. Singh, A. Agrawal, N.J. Siddiqi, B. Sharma, Phytochemicals mediated remediation
of neurotoxicity induced by heavy metals, Biochem Res Int, 2015 (2015) 534769. https:// doi.org/
10.1155/ 2015/ 534 769.
36. K.A. Youdim, B. Shukitt- Hale, J.A. Joseph, Flavonoids and the brain: interactions at the blood- brain
barrier and their physiological effects on the central nervous system, Free Radic Biol Med, 37 (2004)
1683– 93. https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.freera dbio med.2004.08.002.