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Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
18.3 NUTRACEUTICALS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF VARIOUS
NEUROLOGICAL BRAIN DISEASES
Natural substances have fewer unwanted risks. Hence, nutraceuticals in neurological brain diseases
(NDs) have indeed proven to reveal themselves as a smarter and safer holistic strategy. In most
circumstances, they must be used in conjunction with conventional medication treatment and
contemporary professional supervision of NDs to enhance the effectiveness of the existence of
the patient. Focusing on the evidence for their application as an adjunct therapy in NDs, various
15 –
17]. Nutraceuticals act through a multitude of pathways, which are categorized as follows: (1) modu-
lating neuronal signalling circuits; (2) altering mitochondrial dysfunction; (3) anti- apoptotic and
hindering caspase; (4) metal complexation; (5) inhibiting neuro- oxidative stress and antioxidants;
[18]. Figure 18.1 illustrates a graphical depiction of the pathway that is implicated in NDs and
the personalized paradigm modulated by nutraceuticals. Figure 18.2 depicts the effectiveness of
nutraceuticals on NDs.
18.4 NUTRACEUTICALS IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
The highest prevalent kind of cognitive impairment is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), sometimes
-
gressive neurodegeneration of the Alzheimer’s type (PPNAT). Extremely pertinent antioxidants
are well- known nutraceuticals that are advantageous in the treatment of AD. These antioxidants
are effective in the therapy of numerous long- term ailments induced by oxidative damage, which
19
FIGURE 18.1
345
Nutraceuticals in Brain Health
FIGURE 18.2 Structure of nutraceuticals in brain health.
346
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
FIGURE 18.2 (Continued)
347
Nutraceuticals in Brain Health
of natural antioxidants exacerbate mitochondrial dysfunction, which promotes the incidence and
advancement of the illness. Multiple investigations have established a linkage between consuming
more nutritional antioxidants and a lower incidence of AD, which is critical since illness prophy-
laxis is far superior to disease treatment [20]. Consuming diets abundant in trans- fatty acids (TFA),
saturated fatty acids (SFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been proven to alleviate
the incidence of neurodegeneration, whereas trans- fat- rich diets have been shown to augment the
incidence [21]. The below- mentioned sections encompass a few of the molecules that are advan-
tageous for AD.
FIGURE 18.2 (Continued)
348
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
18.4.1 apigenin and luteolin
parsley, and rosemary. The astounding therapeutic repercussions of these bioactive molecules
include their propensity to shield DNA from hydrogen peroxide- induced neurotoxicity, which fur-
22, 23].
18.4.2 flavonoidS
gallate, epigallocatechin, epicatechin, and catechin. This is a collection of frequently occurring poly-
phenolic molecules that are mostly derived from human nutrition. Vegetables, fruits, and beverages,
cascade, which is predominantly important in the survivability and functionality of neurons, has
shown to have neurological- regulatory effects [24]. Overexpression activity of antioxidant enzymes
and enzymes also alters the circulation of blood to the brain, promoting neuroplasticity and the
restoration of cognitive processes by preventing the development of neurotoxicity, which is mostly
linked to AD [25].
18.4.3 CroCin
The primary phytometabolite derived from saffron (Crocus sativus) is called crocin. Crocin is
indeed reported to augment cognition and recall due to its extended ability being hindered via
ethanol, and it is thus utilized in neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s. Several
investigations have proven that crocin may drastically modify the concentrations of oxidative
mediators in the hippocampal area and restore the negative impacts of long- term stress on memory
and cognition [26].
18.4.4 CarotenoidS
So far, approximately 700 distinct species of the carotenoid class have indeed been documented;
According to their molecular framework, carotenoids can be distinguished by their antioxidant
potential [27]. In- vivo and in- vitro animal models have been used to undertake a comprehensive
is extracted from seafood. Prophylactic outcomes on the cellular organelles and microcirculatory
have been outlined, revealing that astaxanthin is a stimulatory neuroprotective molecule. Similar to
individuals with mild AD, those with extreme or progressive AD lack key carotenoids, including
28].
18.4.5 anthoCyanidinS
Anthocyanidins are most abundant in strawberries and cranberries and have strong neuroprotective
-
impressive neuroprotection [19].
349
Nutraceuticals in Brain Health
18.5 NUTRACEUTICALS IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by malfunctioning dopa-
minergic neurons in the substantia nigra portion of the mid- brain, which results in a substantial
reduction in dopamine (DA) levels. Neurodegeneration that develops in PD is triggered by a
variety of conditions, including mitochondrial dysfunction, antioxidant deprivation, and oxida-
tive damage [29]. As an outcome, a variety of pharmacological moieties are employed, each of
which acts by stimulating a different route of the same pharmacology. There is a demand for
on vitamin intake and animal and clinical trials have been undertaken, which have shown incon-
30]. To treat PD, a variety of vitamins, such
as vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin B9, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin E, can
be administered [31]. By simply treating symptoms, the anti- Parkinson medications now in use
compound, which not only stimulates numerous systems and treats illness but is also minimal
be used as a mono or combination prophylaxis in disease control, a wide variety of medicinal
and traditional medicines have been researched experimentally for therapy in PD, with this as
the underlying assumption [32
and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Polyphenolic compounds exhibit multifunctional properties that may effectively cross the
blood- brain barrier (BBB) and provide positive activities by alleviating neurological and postural
impairments in individuals by shielding dopaminergic neurons and restricting oxidative
stress. Lycopene is a non- provitamin A carotenoid that is lipid- soluble and found in red fruits
FIGURE 18.3 A graphical depiction of the pathway that is implicated in NDs and personalized paradigm
modulated by nutraceuticals.
350
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
and vegetables, mostly tomatoes. It has been reported to possess antioxidant and neuroprotective
rodents, as well as to augment dopamine concentrations in the dorsal striatum [33]. The anti-
oxidative properties of lycopene are predominantly responsible for its restorative effects, which
also include neurocognitive shortfalls, an improvement in striatal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(reduced form- NADH) dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) action, as well as lower
malonaldehyde levels and higher glutathione.
of mechanisms [34]. Among the most prevalent phenolic antioxidants found in Camellia sinensis,
epigallocatechin- 3 gallate (EGCG- ester of gallic acid and epigallocatechin) has demonstrated
neurocognitive properties by effectively crossing the BBB [35]. Oxidative scavenger action and
metal complexation properties of the phytometabolites are associated with the catechol ring moiety
of EGCG [36
prevented neurodegeneration and markedly restored cognitive abilities in diseased individuals [35].
Ginsenoside (triterpene saponins and steroid glycosides), obtained from Panax ginseng, is an example
36]. Its
the oestrogen hormone circuits and Phosphatidylinositol- 3- kinase (PI3K/ Protein kinase B (Akt)/
Jun N- terminal kinases (JNK), and Extracellular signal- regulated kinase (ERK) receptor signalling
mechanisms. It carries out its anti- oxidative activities by sustaining glutathione concentrations [38].
Ginsenoside is effective at mitigating neurotoxicity and the impairment of dopaminergic neurons
caused by PD chemicals like 6- hydroxydopamine (OHDA) and MPTP [37, 38]. Vincamine, a medi -
cinal alkaloid derived from the vinca plant, has demonstrated anti- Parkinson’s effectiveness through
FIGURE 18.4 Depicts the effectiveness of nutraceuticals on NDs.
351
Nutraceuticals in Brain Health
multiple molecular pathways. It has vasodilatory action and relaxes the muscles surrounding the
blood vessels in nerve cells, increasing the transport of glucose and nutrients to the brain and accel-
erating the production of ATP via the Krebs cycle in combination [39].
18.6 NUTRACEUTICALS IN DEPRESSION
Depression is a neurological disease that is primarily distinguished by a negative or gloomy state,
have traditionally proven successful in treating atypical depression, especially when administered
are useful independently [40
vitamin B9, zinc, and numerous other crucial micro and macronutrients, can stimulate brain activity
and has proven validated outcomes in the treatment of depression [41]. Table 18.1 summarizes the
pharmacological action of various dietary nutraceuticals for addressing depression.
18.7 NUTRACEUTICALS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
multiple sclerosis (MS). It is characterized by myelin degeneration and successive accumulation of
damaged tissue, and it has a devastating impact on quality of life (QoL) due to the catastrophic
physiological and neurological impairments it presents. The most prevalent indications
are stiffness, paraesthesia, double vision, numbness in the limbs, ataxia, mental abnormalities,
tiredness, and bladder dysfunction [42]. Table 18.2 outlines the various dietary nutraceuticals for
addressing MS.
TABLE 18.1
As a combination approach, few of the extensively exploited nutraceuticals in the
treatment of depression offer therapeutic potential
Molecule Pharmacological action Ref.
Vitamin D The hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and substantia nigra of the brain all have receptors
that are substrates for the neuroactive steroid molecule known as vitamin D. It
primarily modulates the genomic imprinting that results in protein tyrosine hydroxylase
translation.
[40, 66]
They prevent monoamine neurotransmitters’ absorption throughout neurobiological
communication, which helps neurotransmitter release by enhancing neuronal barrier
permeability. These compounds improve neuroplasticity, suppress the production of
[40, 66]
S- adenosyl
Methionine
As a prominent methyl donor, it primarily affects the biosynthesis and metabolism of
neurotransmitters. Additionally, it enhances phosphatidylcholine synthesis while
reducing prolactin release.
[40, 66, 67]
Zinc Zinc is the highest abundant essential mineral in the brain’s neocortex, amygdala, and
hippocampus. It predominantly promotes neuroplasticity in hippocampus areas by
augmenting brain- derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF). A change is also induced in the
N- methyl- D- aspartate (NMDA) and glutamate receptors functioning.
[40, 66]
N- acetyl
Cysteine
neurogenesis and restore glutathione contents. Additionally, by moderating the
glutamate cascade and preventing oxidative damage, it minimizes depression in the
person.
[40, 66]
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Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
TABLE 18.2
Nutraceuticals with neuroprotective implications against the signs and symptoms of relapses in multiple sclerosis
Dietary
nutraceuticals Research plan
Patients
count and MS
subtype Reported variables Nutraceuticals administration Outcomes Ref.
Vitamin A Randomized controlled
experimental trial
101 Relapsing-
Remitting MS
(RRMS)
Recurrence probability: Multiple
Sclerosis Functional Composite
(MSFC) and Kurtzke Expanded
Disability Status Scale (KEDSS)
10,000 IU Retinyl Palmitate
for an additional 6 months
completing the initial 6 months
of 25,000 IU Retinyl Palmitate
Mitigation of impairment development
and improvement of cognitive and
upper limb functioning.
[31]
Vitamin D Randomized controlled
double- blinded
experimental trial
94 RRMS IL- 17 contents 50,000 IU of vitamin D
3
per
5 days for 12 weeks
Following administering a large dosage
of vitamin D
3
for 12 weeks, individuals
with RRMS had a substantial shift in
their IL- 17 contents.
[32]
Coenzyme Q10
(CoQ10)
Randomized controlled
double- blinded
experimental trial
48 RRMS
For 12 weeks, administer 500 mg
of CoQ10 daily or a placebo
Individuals with MS may experience less
fatigued and depression after receiving
500 mg/ day of CoQ10 supplements.
[33]
Randomized controlled
double- blinded
experimental trial
600 MS Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS) assessment During the period of 6 months,
80 individuals were
µg), whereas 78 took a placebo
Compared to those obtaining a placebo,
QoL enhanced in those receiving
[34]
Vitamin B
7
Non- randomized,
double- blinded
experimental trial
154 RRMS KEDSS assessment: recovery from
MS- induced impairment
Orally, three times per day, either
MD1003 (Biotin 100 mg) or
the placebo
KEDSS advancement was reduced,
and the psychological perception of
improvement was superior with a
placebo.
[35]
Fatty acid Double- blinded control
experimental trial
116 MS Relapse assessment Linoleic acid was administered
to two groups, whereas oleic
acid was administered to two
reference groups
The length and intensity of MS relapses
were very slightly altered by 20 g of
linoleic acid, but total impairment was
unaffected.
[36]
newgenrtpdf
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Nutraceuticals in Brain Health
18.8 NUTRACEUTICALS IN HUNGTINGTON’S DISEASE
The neurodegenerative condition Huntington’s disease (HD) is an uncommon genetic syndrome
that impairs cognition, produces gradual neurological abnormalities, and has neuropsychiatric
manifestations. Huntingtin is a protein that is expressed by the HD genome and is prevalent in innu-
merable bodily tissues, particularly the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelination, primarily
in the striatum and cortex, is a hallmark of HD. The initial indications often start in midlife and
comprise persistent motor and intellectual problems [43, 44]. There are relatively few nutraceut -
viz taurine, quercetin, curcumin,
levocarnitine, anthocyanins, and resveratrol.
18.9 NUTRACEUTICALS IN PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
Beyond the physiological features that have been explored, nutritional supplements, i.e.,
nutraceuticals, are essential for the treatment of depressive disturbances and psychotic conditions
like bipolar disorder (extreme mood swings) and schizophrenia. They are frequently prescribed in
individuals who are in severe demand of psychotic medication as a combination therapy and occa-
sionally as a singly used [45]. By augmenting the suppressed re- uptake mechanism of monoamine
neurotransmitters and enhancing neuroprotective effects, nutraceuticals substantially expand the
-
chiatric therapies and lessens their negative consequences [46, 47
among the nutraceuticals that are frequently employed in psychosis. In the human system, polyun-
from linoleic acid. The latter category comprises of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapenta-
enoic acid (EPA) [48]. They are all fundamental constituents of the phospholipid cellular membrane
and necessary for the existence of the human system. Moreover, they should be acquired from meals
level that are relevant to psychotic ailments. They enhance dopamine and serotonin neural activity.
-
drial metabolism, which is the massive trigger of neuro- oxidative damage [49]. The human system
via meals. Current research has examined the effectiveness of vitamin treatments in schizophrenia.
18.10 MECHANISM OF NUTRACEUTICALS IN AMELIORATING
NEURODEGENERATION
18.10.1 nutraCeutiCalS enhanCe biogeneSiS and maintain mitoChondrial health
The primary source of cellular energy and a need for all biological functioning is mitochondria. AD,
PD, HD, ageing, psychotic disorders, and stroke all undergo neurodegenerative carried on by the
impairments, which also induce oxidative damage and trigger death- signalling cascades [50]. The
-
activity. Complex I dysfunction in the ETC has been linked to PD, and the dopaminergic neurotoxin
MPTP inhibits complex I activity and triggers parkinsonism in individuals [51]. Mitochondrial bio-
genesis, cell death signalling, destruction through autophagy (mitophagy), ATP production, ETC
functioning, and neuroprotection are all modulated by nutraceuticals [52
enhanced by proanthocyanidins, luteolin, EGCG, huperzine (obtained from Huperzia serrata),
myricitrin, and quercetin [53].