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264
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
13.2.1 ChyawanpraSh
It is an Ayurvedic health tonic, which is a polyherbal formulation containing almost 50 herbal
extracts. Chyawanprash is very popular in Indian households. The memory impairment protection
of Chyawanprash are Amla (Phyllanthus emblica), which is a rich natural source of vitamin C,
clove bud (Eugenia caryophyllus), which is composed of Eugenol and used as carminative as well
Panax ginseng), which is composed of gensenosides and act as
antioxidants [17]. Furthermore, it decreases thiobarbituric acid levels in the brain and increases the
levels of glutathione. Thus, it is protected from free radicals [18].
13.2.2 abana
reduces the activity of cholinesterase, which results in to increase in acetylcholine levels in the
administered Abana on cognitive functions was monitored in groups of aged and young mice.
Testing of memory was performed by using exteroceptive behavioural models (passive avoidance
apparatus and elevated plus- maze test) and interoceptive behavioural models (amnesia induced by
diazepam, scopolamine, and ageing) [19].
13.2.3 bramhi ghrita
It contains four Ayurvedic herbs, including Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), ghee, minerals, and metals.
One of the most popular medicines is Brahmi Ghrita, a well- known memory booster. In the folk
of Indian medicine, it has been used traditionally as brain or nerve tonics (Sahoo et al., 2014). The
memory and learning effect of Brahmi Ghrita was performed in rodents in different concentrations.
Evaluation of memory acquisition and interpreting spatial memory were tested using the elevated
plus- maze test in rats and the Morris water maze test in mice, respectively [20].
13.2.4 memorin
It is a polyherbal capsule that contains 21 kinds of herbal extracts. The major herbs of the formu-
lation are Mandookparni, Shankhpushpi, Yashtimadhu, and Jatamansi. Memorin was performed
using a passive avoidance learning paradigm in a shuttle box on rats. Memorin was evaluated by
electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) induced amnesia [21].
13.2.5 brain- o- brain
It is a polyherbal capsule that contains a mixture of herbs, namely Shankhpushpi, Brahmi, and
Sweet Flag. to improve learning ability, and memory power and naturally helps to avoid stress and
depression. This herbal preparation is made specially to decrease forgetting. Brain- o- brain is widely
used to increase the power and natural ability of the brain [22].
13.2.6 ShimotSu- to
It is Japanese– Sino medicine consisting of four crude extracts in the same weight ratio prepared by
decoction process. Japanese angelica root, peony root, Rehmannia root and cnidium rhizome are
used in the formulation, which describes traditional Chinese medicine. Spatial memory improvement
265
Phytoconstituents: The Natural Tonic for a Healthy Brain
was studied in rat models by using an extract of peony root and an extract from cnidium rhizome.
Thus, Shimotsu- to enhancers of cognitive functions [23].
13.3 ROLE AND IMPLEMENTATION OF VARIOUS ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS
AS A BRAIN TONIC
Over the century, numerous ethnomedicinal plants have been used to treat neurodegenerative diseases
and cognitive disorders. The list of plants, such as Bacopa monnieri, Centella asiatica, Cannabis
sativa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ginkgo biloba, and Tinospora cordifolia enhance mental functions such
as motivation, memory, intelligence, attention, and concentration. A list of ethnomedicinal plants
that improve brain function as well as brain health is mentioned in Table 13.1.
13.4 CURRENT SCENARIO OF BRAIN HEALTH AND AVAILABLE MARKETED
PRODUCTS
Disruptions in normal brain growth and/ or functioning describe brain health disorders that develop
in a person’s life. Brain tumours, intellectual developmental disorders, epilepsy, dementia, autism
spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s disease, cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis,
neuro infections, traumatic injury, headache and neurological disorders caused by malnutrition are
some of the conditions that they can manifest as. Active engagement of people with these neuro-
logical conditions and their families and carers, as appropriate, is required for health and social
care for these conditions. On July 22, World Brain Day (WBD) is observed to honour the founding
of the World Federation of Neurology (WFN) in 1957. Its goal is to raise neurological disease
awareness and advocacy [48
nations having low and high income bearing over 70% of the burden. Neurological diseases are
the major cause of disability- adjusted life years (DALYs) and the second biggest cause of death
worldwide, with approximately 9 million deaths annually. In 2016, meningitis (7.9%), dementia
(10.4%), migraine (16.3%) and Stroke (42.2%) were the four leading causes of DALYs, followed
by epilepsy (5%). Parkinson’s disease is the fastest- growing neurological condition, fuelled by an
ageing population. Premature delivery, neuro infections and neonatal encephalopathy are espe-
cially prevalent in Southeast Asia and Africa, where the burden of neurological diseases in children
is particularly high.
percentage of specialized policies for neurological disease as compared to high- income nations
conditions have unacceptable treatment gaps. Recent available marketed products for the improve-
ment of a healthy brain are mentioned in Table 13.2.
13.5 THE INCLINATION FOR NATURAL PRODUCTS OVER SYNTHETICS
There are many reasons for the inclination of natural products over synthetic ones, such as:
Chemists might be just as innovative as a natural ecosystem, but ecological processes have been
doing so for millennia. The introduction of new biological molecular skeletons and functionalities
not previously thought up by humans seems to be the most crucial and noticeable price of natural
product chemistry [24]. It is impossible to quantify the extent of this advantage, but according to
a recent assessment, natural products have a 100- fold higher hit rate than synthetic products [61].
Secondary metabolites are organic chemicals produced by plants that are not involved directly
in the organism’s regular growth, development, or reproduction. Instead, they usually regulate
ecological functions, which might give the organism a selection advantage by enhancing its sur-
vivorship. Regardless of their true function, it is becoming obvious that several natural bioactive
266
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
TABLE 13.1
List of ethnomedicinal plants improve brain health
Sl No Name of Plant Synonym Family Implementation Reference
1 Bacopa monnieri
(Linn.) Wettst
Indian pennywort
water hyssop and
Jalneem
Plantaginaceae It is very useful in the recovery of
memory power and improves
learning memory and mental
concentration. It is taken with
hysteria.
[24,25]
2 Achyranthes
aspera Linn.
Apamaga, Chirchita,
and Ovotasodh
Amaranthaceae The powder of the seed gives relief
from stiffness and headache
of migraine. It is used as an
immuno- modulator.
[26]
3 Allium cepa
Linn.
Onion, Piyaz, Kanda Liliaceae
and increases grasping ability,
motor performance, and grip
strength.
[27]
4 Brassica nigra
Linn.
Black mustard, Raee Brassicaceae It is used in memory, thinking, and
cognitive skills. Brassica nigra is
used for eliminating memory loss
in traditional medicine caused by
[28]
5 Calotropis
procera
(Aiton)
Dryand
Madar, Aak, Akwan,
Swallow wort,
Madar and Sodom
apple
Apocynaceae latex proteins of the plant have
central nervous system depressant
activity and anticonvulsant action
in the treatment of seizures.
[29]
6 Cassia
occidentalis
Linn
Negro coffee, Kasaundi Caesalpiniaceae The plant is very useful in the
treatment of hysteria and epilepsy.
The seeds are used in the treatment
of severe brain dysfunction on
outbreaks of acute childhood
illnesses.
[30]
7 Centella asiatica
(L.) Urb
Thankuni, Gotu Kola Apiaceae
learning and memory process. It
also decreases lipid peroxidation
and augmentation of the
antioxidant enzymes of the brain.
[31]
8 Cannabis sativa
L.
Bhang Cannabinaceae It improves neuro- degeneration, loss
of learning and memory. It is also
used for sleeplessness.
[32]
9 Cassia tora L. Panvad, Chakravada Caesalpiniaceae The plant has cognition- enhancing
properties.
[33]
10 Convolvulus
pluricaulis
Choisy
Shankhapushpi,
Shankahuli
Convolvulaceae It is generally used as a brain tonic
and brain stimulator. Daily intake
also hinders memory loss.
[34]
11 Brassica
oleracea L.
Hari gobhi, Brassicaceae It has potential to the management
of cognitive dysfunction and
the ability to reduce elevated
acetylcholine (Ach) levels in the
brain which improved memory.
[35]
267
Phytoconstituents: The Natural Tonic for a Healthy Brain
Sl No Name of Plant Synonym Family Implementation Reference
12 Aegle marmelos
(L.) Corrêa
Bengal quince, Shree
Fal, holy fruit and
golden apple
Rutaceae It reduces acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) inhibitory activity in
the brain, which improves the
[36]
13 Acorus
calamus L.
calomel
Acoraceae
memory of the person.
[23]
14 Eclipta prostrata
L.
Bhangara, Bhringraj Asteraceae According to the traditional system
effects on learning and memory.
[37]
15 Nardostachys
Jatamansi
(D.Don) DC
Spikenard, Jatamansi Caprifoliaceae It improves learning and memory
power.
[38]
16 Panax ginseng
C.A.Mey.
Asian ginseng, Chinese
ginseng
Araliaceae Traditionally it is used as a brain
tonic.
[39]
17 Glycyrrhiza
glabra L.
Licorice Leguminosae The roots and rhizomes of the
plant are effective brain tonic,
which enhances the CNS system
circulation.
[40]
18 Ginkgo biloba L. maidenhair tree, kew
tree
Ginkgoaceae It improves the circulation of blood
into the central nervous system
and increases the distribution
of nutrients and oxygen into
the brain. It also eliminates
free radicals from the body and
improves memory.
[41]
19 Tinospora
cordifolia
(Willd.) Miers
Guduchi and Giloy) Menispermaceae It has memory- enhancing properties. [42]
20 Myristica
fragrans
Houtt.
Nutmeg Myristicaceae The seeds of the plant have been
recommended for memory
enhancement.
[43]
21 Phyllanthus
emblica L.
Indian gooseberry and
amla
Phyllanthaceae
improving learning memory with
antioxidant potential. This plant
extract is useful in the treatment of
various cognitive disorders.
[44]
22 Curcuma
longa L.
Turmeric and Haldi Zingiberaceae Fermented Curcuma longa regulates
memory dysfunction. The test was
performed using brain cell- line on
scopolamine- treated mice.
[45]
23 Zizyphus
mauritiana
Lam.
Ber Rhamnaceae The extract of seeds has anxiolytic
and sedative action. It modulates
choline acetyltransferase enzymes.
[46]
24 Punica granatum
L.
Pomgranate Lythraceae It improves learning and memory
impaired by diabetes.
[46]
25 Asparagus
racemosus
Willd.
Shatavari, Shatamul Asparagaceae The extract of root improves
cognitive performance.
[47]
TABLE 13.1 (Continued)
List of ethnomedicinal plants improve brain health
268
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
TABLE 13.2
Natural marketed products for a healthy brain
Sl.no. Brand name Components Function Reference
1 Ustukhuddus
Alavi
Lavandula stoechas L., Anacyclus
pyrethrum (L.) Lag, Polypodium
vulgare L., Cuscuta epithymum (L.),
Paeonia ofcinalis L., and Vitis
vinifera L.
In female high school students, it
helps with cognitive function
and cortisol levels.
[49]
2 BacoMind Bacopa monnieri Aids in the development of
children’s cognitive abilities.
[50]
3 Noocube Alphaglycerylphosphorylcholine,
Huperzine- A, Bacopa monnieri, Oat
Straw, L- theanine, and L- tyrosine.
a. Memory improvement.
b. Concentration increase.
c. Communication abilities that
have improved.
d. Increased mental stamina.
e. Multitasking abilities have
improved.
4 Hunter Focus Phosphatidylserine, Ashwagandha, Lion’s
Mane Mushroom, Maritime Pine Bark,
Bacopa, Citicoline, L- Tyrosine and
L- Theanine.
a. Improved memory and
concentration.
b. Creativity and learning are
enriched.
c. Increased energy and positive
attitude.
5 Performance Lab
Mind
Cognizin, Sharp- PS Green, Ajipure
L- tyrosine and Maritime Pine Bark
Extract.
a. Improves cognitive functions by
supporting brain cells.
b. Focus, concentration, vitality,
and short- term memory are just
a few of the mental advantages.
c. Taking 1– 2 nootropic pills on
an empty stomach twice a day
brain, which supports healthy
brain cells.
d. Promotes optimal mental
performance in high- pressure
situations and comes with a 30-
day money- back guarantee.
6 Brain Pill Citicoline, Tyrosine, Phosphatidylserine,
Vitamin B12, L- theanine, Vitamin B6,
Bacopa monnieri, Vitamin B9, Gingko
biloba, Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA),
a. Defeat brain fog and mental
exhaustion.
b. Improve your memory and recall.
c. Enhance your learning abilities.
d. Reduces forgetfulness and
boosts energy levels.
7 BR- 16A (Mentat) Brahmi, Mandookaparni, Ashwagandha,
Shankapushpi, Jatamansi, Vach,
Tagar, Badam, Salap, Lavang, Pearl,
Malkangni, and Sonth.
Rehabilitate memory and cognitive
disease and ageing.
[51]
8 Trasina Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum,
Eclipta alba, Tinospora cordifolia,
Picrorrhiza kurroa, and shilajit.
Enhanced memory as well as
cholinergic indicators such
as choline acetyl transferase
activity, acetylcholine
concentration and muscarinic
cholinergic receptor expression.
[52]
269
Phytoconstituents: The Natural Tonic for a Healthy Brain
Sl.no. Brand name Components Function Reference
9 Memorin Mandookparni, Shankhpushpi, Jatamansi,
Yashtimadhu, and Smruti sagar.
Positive effects in older people
suffering from age- related
memory loss.
[53]
10 Bramhi Ghrita Bacopa monneri, Evolvulus alsinoids,
Acorus calamus, Saussurea lappa, and
cow’s ghee.
Improved memory and learning. [20]
11 Ben- Cha- LoKa-
Wi- Chian
Unknown Anti- pyretic and antinociceptive. [54]
12 Wanderer plus Paeonia lactilora, Mentha haplocalyx,
poria cocos fungus, Anglica sinensis,
Atractylodes macroephala, Zingiber
ocinale, Glycyrrhiza Paeonia
suffruticosa, Gardenia jasminoides,
and Bupleurum chinense.
Depressive disorder. [55]
13 Monavvem saffron, lettuce, opium poppy,
frankincense, agarwood and sugar.
Treat insomnia. [56]
14 Itrifal Muqawwi- e-
Dimagh (IMD)
Emblica ofcinalis Gaertn., Terminalia
chebula Retz., Terminalia bellirica
Roxb., Amygdalus communis Linn.,
Papaver somniferum Linn, Coriandrum
sativum Linn., Rosa damascene Mill,
Cane sugar,
Treat Parkinson’s Disease (PD). [57]
15 POL- 6 Bacopa monnieri, Hypericum perforatum,
Centella asiatica, Withania somnifera,
Camellia sinesis, and Ocimum sanctum.
Antianxiety effect in alcohol
withdrawal.
[58]
16 Bo- yang- Hwan- O
Tang (mBHT)
Astragali Radix, Angelicae Gigantis
Radix, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, Cnidii
Rhizoma, Lumbricus, Percicae Semen
and Carthami Flos.
Neuroprotective property. [59]
17 Xtend® Natural royal jelly, Panax ginseng root,
Clove powder, Clove oil, Cinnamon
oil, Ginger oil, Nigella sativa oil and
Capsicum powder and sertraline.
Antistressor and antianxiety. [60]
18 Brain- o- brain Enhances learning capacity,
brain capacity, and helps to
naturally prevent psychological
distress.
[23]
19 Chyawanprash Out of the approximately 50 plants and
herbal extracts utilized in the recipe,
amla is the most essential ingredient.
Protective effect against memory
loss.
[23]
20 Optimized- Sopung
Sunkiwon (OSS)
SopungSunkiwon has six therapeutic
plants.
By inhibiting AChE activity, it
enhances memory performance.
[59]
22 Shimotsu- to Japanese angelica root, cnidium rhizome,
Rehmannia root, and. peony root.
Enhancement of memory function. [23]
TABLE 13.2 (Continued)
Natural marketed products for a healthy brain
270
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
compounds, like drugs, may reach receptor- active sites. The huge number of purely natural products
discovered to interact with distinct mammalian receptors stands as a testament to natural products
that its inherent bioactivity. For example, natural plant product ligands for the GABA receptor com-
prise bicuculline [62], picrotoxin [63], etc.
Natural products can be used as prototypes for combinatorial chemistry, allowing for the cre-
ation of libraries of natural substance analogues with improved drug- like characteristics (e.g.,
solubility, pharmacokinetics, bioavailability). This is a dramatic development because combina-
compounds [64].
The regulation of natural product biosynthesis can be optimized as our knowledge regarding gen-
etics and the biosynthetic pathway of natural products improves natural product biosynthesis and
65].
compound production to identify the novel natural compound.
Synthetic medications are often the result of several structural transformations throughout a
a relatively short time. Microbial natural compounds are noteworthy not only for their therapeutic
potential capabilities but also for having the appropriate pharmacokinetic qualities essential for
clinical testing.
13.6 RECENT STATUS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL
BRAIN TONIC
The insight into biological complexes at the molecular level has advanced dramatically as a result
of advances in computational areas, particularly in the subject of bioinformatics. Various computa-
tional tools, such as silico docking methodologies, could be used to examine enzyme interactions
with various substrates, protein synthesis, ubiquitination, breakdown of multiple physiological
macromolecules, and many other activities. Under the guidance of the ANS, regular homeostasis
encompasses metabolic balance, which is related to many complicated biochemical pathways, and
also the anticipation of disease states and therapeutic potential solutions.
In silico approaches were utilized to investigate the molecular behaviour of various traditional
medicines for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Chemical constituents such as stigmasterol,
roughly 7 kcal/ mol, which was equivalent to tolcapone (a synthetic psychotropic substance used to
and ginsenoside (obtain from Panax ginseng) are considered to be very good COMT inhibitors
and also a desirable substance needed for L- dopa. Furthermore, [66] used a comparative homology
model and ligand docking to examine human COMT to create anti- PD drugs.
The development and advancement of nanotechnology offer promising signs of being able to over-
-
lular uptake, etc. The component which is formed from the conjugation of plant constituent and the
nanoparticle is called phytomedicine, which has recently gained importance in the development
targeted drug delivery [67].
The spirocyclic alkaloid rhynchophylline (RIN) is produced from Uncaria species and has
been reported to have several pharmacological actions, including neuroprotective properties. In
Alzheimer’s disease, hyperexcitability induced by soluble A in hippocampus neurons is reduced
by RIN [68]. Despite advancements in natural products, there are a few drawbacks, e.g., there is
a chance that NP will be absorbed in the blood or other parts of the body rather than the targeted
271
Phytoconstituents: The Natural Tonic for a Healthy Brain
-
progress and effects. Furthermore, not only is the therapy and technique ineffective, but it is also
exceedingly expensive.
13.7 CONCLUSION
Plants have been used in the form of spices or foods for many years, and it was later found that they
play a critical role in improving bad memory. Various medicinal plants are utilized all over the world
(including TCM of China, Ayurveda of India, African medicines, etc.), and they have demonstrated
present in the plants, which, through enhancing cognition, intelligence, focus, and concentration,
ensures that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is at its optimal level inside the brain by allowing for
controlled brain activity. Various polyherbal mixtures show effective action on CNS; even in pre-
an effect on different animal models in terms of diseases like dementia, PD, amnesia, etc. It can be
assumed that in the near future, phytoconstituents can be used as an effective formulated drug for
the treatment of various brain illnesses.
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abbreviationS
AChE Acetylcholine
AD Alzheimer’s disease
AHA American Heart Association
ANS Autonomic nervous system
ASA American Stroke Association
BBB Blood- brain barrier
CNS Central nervous system