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184
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
Macroalgae
Sl.
No. Marine source Scientific name
Source of
collection
Chemical compound
isolated Nature of chemical Chemical structure
20. Microalgae Haematococcus
pluvialis
AXT Pigments In vitro: protection
21. Red algae Hypnea
musciformis
Polysaccharides In vitro: anti- oxidant
22. brown alga Saccharina
japonica
Fucoidan Polysaccharides fucoidan treatment
23. seaweed Codium
Tomentosum
collected from
the Atlantic
Ocean by high-
pressure liquid
chromatography
analysis
different organic acid, such as
oxalic acid, aconitic acid,
ketoglutaric acid, pyruvic
acid, malic acid, malonic
and fumaric acids, and a
great variety of volatile
compounds, such as
phenolic compounds
24. brown algae Ascophyllum
nodosum
tetrafucol A phlorotannin 184
TABLE 8.3 (Continued)
The structure of various chemical compounds isolated from marine sources of macroalgae
185
Marine Plant Species: Nutritional and Medicinal Value
Mechanism of
action
Results of animal
studies
Outcomes
of clinical
Studies References
In vitro: protection
from 6- OHDA-
induced
apoptosis and inhibition
of mitochondrial
impairment in
SH- SY5Y
In vivo:
antidepressant
effects, anti-
oxidant activity
(mediated by an
increasing in
GSH and
superoxide
dismutase)
178, 179,
180
In vitro: anti- oxidant
and cytoprotective
effects against
6- OHDA- induced
neurotoxicity in SH-
5YSY models
181
fucoidan treatment
improved
the motor
impairment in
a MPTP mice
model of PD
showed a protective
effect in 1-methyl-
4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-
tetrahydropyridine
(MPTP) C57BL/
6 mic
182
its ability to
scavenge the
reactive oxygen
and nitrogen
species
183
184
(continued)
186
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
Macroalgae
Sl.
No. Marine source Scientific name
Source of
collection
Chemical compound
isolated Nature of chemical Chemical structure
25. coldwater
seaweeds
Porphyra
yezoensis
Porphyrin suppressed NO
26. Brown seaweeds Laminaria sp. Laminarin polysaccharides neuroprotective
27. green algae Ulva lactuca,
Enteromorpha
prolifera
Sulfated
oligosaccharides
28. red marine algae Dictyota
Dichotoma and
any algae
Homotaurine natural amino acid preclinical studies
TABLE 8.3 (Continued)
The structure of various chemical compounds isolated from marine sources of macroalgae
187
Marine Plant Species: Nutritional and Medicinal Value
Mechanism of
action
Results of animal
studies
Outcomes
of clinical
Studies References
suppressed NO
generation in
LPS- stimulated
RAW264.7
cells by
downregulation
of iNOS
expression
185
neuroprotective
properties
in cerebral
ischaemic events
through gliosis
reduction and
controlling pro-
microglia
186, 187
decreased pro-
agents, reduced p53
and fork- head box
protein O1 (FoxO1)
genes, and caused
overexpression
of Sirt1 gene in
SAMP8 mice
188
preclinical studies
show that
tramiprosate
decreases the
formation of A
oligomers and
the deposition
of amyloid
in an AD mouse
model
In a phase II
clinical trial, it
that tramiprosate
safely decreases
concentrations
of A 42 in the
cerebrospinal
individuals with
mild to moderate
AD. Furthermore,
a pooled analysis
of the two phase
III trials among
2025 mild to
moderate AD
patients
189
(continued)
188
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
Macroalgae
Sl.
No. Marine source Scientific name
Source of
collection
Chemical compound
isolated Nature of chemical Chemical structure
29. Brown Algae Dictyopteris
undulata
zonarol Sesquiterpene Activates the Nrf2/
30. Brown Algae Marginariella
boryana
Sulfated fucans Prevents the
31. Brown Algae Ishige
okamurae
Diphlorethohy-
droxycarmalol
(DPHC)
32. Brown Algae Zonaria
spiralis
Spiralisone A Kinases inhibitory
33. Chromone 6
TABLE 8.3 (Continued)
The structure of various chemical compounds isolated from marine sources of macroalgae
189
Marine Plant Species: Nutritional and Medicinal Value
Mechanism of
action
Results of animal
studies
Outcomes
of clinical
Studies References
ARE pathway,
induces
phase- 2 enzymes,
and protects
neuronal cells
from oxidative stres
190
Prevents the
accumulation of A
191
Neuroprotection
against hydrogen
peroxide
(H
2
O
2
)- induced
oxidative stress
in murine
hippocampal neuronal
cells at IC
50
= 50
µM
192
Kinases inhibitory
to CDK5/ p25,
CK1, and
GSK3
at IC
50
= 10.0, <10
µM, and
<10 µM, respectively
193
(continued)
190
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
Macroalgae
Sl.
No. Marine source Scientific name
Source of
collection
Chemical compound
isolated Nature of chemical Chemical structure
34. Red Algae Eucheuma
denticulatum
Iota- carrageenan Inhibits superoxide
35. Red Algae Chondracanthus
acicularis
Lambda-
carrageenan
sources of bacteria, fungus, algae, and weeds, as well as the aforementioned candidate marine nat-
ural products capable of treating and neuroprotectant for Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease,
and other brain disorders.
8.13 CONCLUSION
Marine chemicals and their byproducts have taken more medical and pharmaceutical research
space in the last ten years. One of the causes is the huge quantity of secondary metabolites avail-
able, as well as their variation, due to the diverse unfavourable conditions of the oceans and the
characteristics, which are particularly useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses, are
among the dissimilar medicinal actions on which the research is focused. After years of research,
the carotenoids AXT and FX are now being cast as food complements and prospective pharmaceut-
ical dealings for Parkinson’s disease and AD. Pharmaceutical research employs the active chemicals
acquired as a source for the construction of medications that are more detailed than the original com-
pound, in addition to the direct usage of compounds created by various aquatic creatures. Sodium
-
unmet demand for safe, effective, and new treatments. Because of technological advancements in
generate viable biologically active chemicals from marine sources.
TABLE 8.3 (Continued)
The structure of various chemical compounds isolated from marine sources of macroalgae
191
Marine Plant Species: Nutritional and Medicinal Value
Mechanism of
action
Results of animal
studies
Outcomes
of clinical
Studies References
radicals, hydroxyl
radicals, and lipid
peroxidation
at IC
50
=
0.332, 0.281, and
0.830 mg.mL
- 1
,
respectively
194
Inhibits superoxide
radicals, hydroxyl
radicals, and lipid
peroxidation
at IC
50
=
0.046, 0.357, and
2.267 mg.mL
- 1
,
respectively
194
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