Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5264_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
274
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
COMT Catecholamine- O- methyltransferase
DALYs Disability- adjusted life years
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acids
ECS Electroconvulsive shocks
GABA Gamma- aminobutyric acid
IMD Itrifal Muqawwi- e- Dimagh
L- dopa Levodopa
NUOA National University of Ostroh Academy
PD Parkinson’s disease
RHB RUZU herbal bitters
RIN Rhynchophylline
Sp. Species
TCM Traditional Chinese Medicine
WBD World Brain Day
WFN World Federation of Neurology
WHO World Health Organisation
275
DOI: 10.1201/9781003300502-14
14
Effect of Edible Alkaloids
on Memory and Behaviour
Kunal Bhattacharya, Dibyajyoti Das, Debabrata Nath,
Nongmaithem Randhoni Chanu, and Ramen Kalita
14.1 INTRODUCTION
Alkaloids are naturally occurring organic chemicals that are often found in plants. They can also
be found in marine algae and, in rare cases, animals. For example, it may be found in the deadly
[1], as well as over 150 plant species. Alkaloids account
for almost 12,000 of the more than 50,000 natural chemicals known today [2]. In 1819, the term
over 4,000 years for a range of purposes such as pharmaceuticals, meals, cosmetics, poisons and so
on, suggesting that alkaloids have an evolutionary relevance in physiological processes. They are
chemically a varied group of compounds that all include at least one nitrogen atom. These are basic
in nature and are referred to as alkaloids (alkali- like). In contrast to other phytochemicals, alkaloids
have exceptional physiological effects on humans and other animals; they are active components
in many medicinal plants and plant- derived medications. Their structural diversity and various
physiological functions set them apart from any other category of natural products. Because of their
physiological effects, alkaloids are important compounds in medicine. They are used to treat pain,
stimulants, muscle relaxants, tranquillizers, anaesthetics, antimalarials, antibacterials, antidiabetics,
anticancer, anti- HIV, antioxidants and other disorders.
The effects of alkaloids are as varied as the plants that make them, and many are palatable,
healthy and essential components of the food we consume daily. Others, however, when consumed,
can be intoxicating or even hazardous. However, the alkaloids present in food are generally not
harmful, but in reality, a lot of the foods high in alkaloids are a crucial source of nutrients for us.
Some foods that are rich in alkaloids are peppers (produce an alkaloid known as capsaicin), black
pepper (piperine alkaloid), coffee and tea leaves (caffeine alkaloid), cinchona bark (quinine) and
many more.
Alkaloids are well known to produce numerous physiological and psychological effects on the
1803 was narcotine from opium. In the same year, Serturner isolated morphine from opium. These
two alkaloids that were discovered bind to the opioid receptors present in the brain, producing
sleep, analgesic and hallucinogenic properties. The pharmacological or psychological effects of
alkaloids are due to the similarity of structures of neurotransmitters in the human body and the
alkaloids. Neurotransmitters released from the nerve endings bind to the receptors on the surface
276
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
of another neuron to produce physiological effects. Alkaloids can mimic these neurotransmitters to
either stimulate or block the function to produce different psychological effects.
Memory is one of the most important factors in the human brain. It is necessary for the survival
of an individual. It is the retention power of the brain to store information that the brain grasps.
and retain them over short or long periods and recall the same whenever needed at a later date’ [3].
The Indian traditional system of medicine, Ayurveda, is based on treating numerous diseases with a
natural approach. Rasayana therapy, an integral part of Ayurveda, describes the uses of natural herbs
and herbal medicine as a brain tonic to promote the brain’s health and improve memory impairment
behaviour.
The main factors that are responsible for good memory and cognitive function are the brain’s
recalling, lack of concentration, and weak analyzing ability are very common problems in the modern
world. Besides, some of the conditions, such as stress, ageing, and emotions, may lead to memory
impairment, amnesia, dementia, etc., and sometimes to some serious threats like Alzheimer’s dis-
ease (AD), schizophrenia, etc. [4].
acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Reports also claim that three known nicotinic alkaloids, such as
[5]. Huperzine A and B are alkaloids isolated from Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) that are reported to
possess strong anticholinesterase activity to treat Alzheimer’s dementia, schizophrenia and mark-
[6]. Beta- carboline alkaloids were also found to stop
or slow down the progressive effects of AD and Down syndrome [7]. In this chapter, the authors
have discussed the psychological effects of edible alkaloids and their bioactive components that
affect memory and behaviour.
14.2 LIST OF EDIBLE ALKALOIDS
Alkaloids are naturally occurring organic compounds found mostly in plants, especially marine
algae, and only rarely in mammals. Alkaloids have extraordinary physiological effects on
humans and other animals. These are the active ingredients in a variety of therapeutic plants.
Many medications used by humans for both medicinal and non- medical purposes are created in
nature as alkaloids, such as strychnine and caffeine. Many naturally occurring alkaloid receptors
in humans and other animals have been found. The following is the list of edible alkaloids
(Table 14.1).
143 BIOSYNTHESIS OF TRYPTOPHAN
Tryptophan is an indole alkaloid. Its biosynthesis in the plant starts with chorismate as the starting
material (Figure 14.1).
14.4 BIOSYNTHESIS OF GALANTAMINE
Galantamine is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and allosteric nicotinic receptor modu-
lator. Its starting material is phenylalanine (Figure 14.2).
277
Effect of Edible Alkaloids on Memory and Behaviour
(continued)
TABLE 14.1
List of edible alkaloids
Name
Chemical
formula
Molecular
weight Structure Reference
INDOLE ALKALOIDS
5- hydroxyindolin- 2- one C
8
H
7
NO
2
149.15 [7]
(1R,3S)- 1- Methyl-
carboline- 3- carboxylic
acid
C
13
H
14
N
2
O
2
230.26 [7]
(3S)- 1,2,3,4- tetrahydro-
carboxylic acid
C
12
H
12
N
2
O
2
216.24 [7]
L- tryptophan C
11
H
12
N
2
O
2
204.23 [7]
Strychnine C
21
H
22
N
2
O
2
334.4 [7]
PYRROLE ALKALOIDS
5- (hydroxymethyl)- 1-
isobutyl- 1H- pyrrole- 2-
carbaldehyde
C
10
H
15
NO
2
181.23
[8]
278
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
Name
Chemical
formula
Molecular
weight Structure Reference
5- (hydroxymethyl)-
1- (2- methylbutyl)-
1H- pyrrole- 2-
carbaldehyde
C
11
H
17
NO
2
195.26 [8]
(R)- ethyl- 2- (2- formyl-
5- (methoxymethyl)-
1H- pyrrol- 1- yl)
propanoate
C
12
H
17
NO
4
239.27 [8]
(R)- methyl- 2- (2- formyl-
5- (methoxymethyl)-
1H- pyrrol- 1- yl)
propanoate
C
11
H
15
NO
4
225.24 [8]
5- (hydroxymethyl)-
1- phenethyl- 1H- 2-
carbaldehyde
C
14
H
15
NO
2
229.27 [8]
5- (hydroxymethyl)- 1-
isopentyl- 1H- pyrrole-
2- carbaldehyde
C
11
H
17
NO
2
195.26 [8]
TABLE 14.1 (Continued)
List of edible alkaloids
279
Effect of Edible Alkaloids on Memory and Behaviour
Name
Chemical
formula
Molecular
weight Structure Reference
1- (2- (1H- indol-
3- yl) ethyl)- 5-
(hydroxymethyl)-
1H- pyrrole- 2-
carbaldehyde
C
16
H
16
N
2
O
2
268.31 [8]
4- [2- formyl- 5-
(hydroxymethyl)- 1H-
pyrrol- 1- yl] butanoic
acid
C
10
H
13
NO
4
211.21
[9]
4- [2- formyl- 5-
(hydroxymethyl)-
1H- pyrrol- 1- yl]
butanamide
C
10
H
14
N
2
O
3
210.23
[9]
5- (hydroxymethyl)-
1H- pyrrole- 2-
carboxaldehyde
C
6
H
7
NO
2
125.13
[9]
CARBAZOLE ALKALOID
(+ )- Mahanine C
23
H
25
NO
2
347.45
[10]
(continued)
TABLE 14.1 (Continued)
List of edible alkaloids
280
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
Name
Chemical
formula
Molecular
weight Structure Reference
Murrayanine C
14
H
11
NO
2
225.24
[11]
8,8’- Biskoenigine C
38
H
36
N
2
O
6
616.7
[11]
β- CARBOLINE ALKALOIDS
Harmol C
12
H
10
N
2
O 198.22
[12]
Norharman C
11
H
8
N
2
168.19
[12]
Harman C
12
H
10
N
2
182.22
[12]
Harmine C
13
H
12
N
2
O 212.25
[12]
TABLE 14.1 (Continued)
List of edible alkaloids
281
Effect of Edible Alkaloids on Memory and Behaviour
Name
Chemical
formula
Molecular
weight Structure Reference
Harmalol C
12
H
10
N
2
O 198.22
[12]
Harmaline C
13
H
14
N
2
O 214.26
[12]
Tetrahydronorharman C
26
H
22
N
2
O
2
394.47
[12]
TERTIARY ALKALOIDS
Galantamine C
17
H
21
NO
3
287.35
[13]
PURINE ALKALOIDS
Caffeine C
8
H
10
N
4
O
2
194.19
[13]
TABLE 14.1 (Continued)
List of edible alkaloids
282
Plant-based Foods and their Implications in Brain Health
FIGURE 14.1 Biosynthesis of Tryptophan.
283
Effect of Edible Alkaloids on Memory and Behaviour
FIGURE 14.2 Biosynthesis of Galantamine.