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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5265_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
TEXT BOOK OF
PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY
Dr. Bhawna Sharma
M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Institute of Pharmacy,
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi.
Dr. Upendra Kumar Sharma
M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutics), Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Institute of Pharmacy,
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi.
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
© Authors
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the
publisher.
First Edition : 2023
Published by : Mrs. Meena Pandey for Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.,
“Ramdoot”, Dr. Bhalerao Marg, Girgaon, Mumbai - 400 004.
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PREFACE
The present book “Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry” has been written with the aim
to cover the new syllabus framed by Pharmacy Council of India (PCI), 2020 for Diploma course
in Pharmacy in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary No. 435, Part-III, Section-4.
The book has been divided into thirteen chapters; comprehensively describe all aspects of the
subject as mentioned in the syllabus. Every medicinal compounds included in this book are
discussed under chemical name, properties, pharmaceutical uses, storage and stability, marketed
preparations, dosage form, officials etc. This book also consists of Inorganic Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Impurities in Pharmaceuticals, Volumetric and Gravimetric Analysis, and Introduction
to Nomenclature of Organic Chemical systems.
This book will be beneficial to First Year students, teaching faculties and pharmacists in
hospitals as well as medical representatives who want to update their knowledge. At the end of
each chapter, exercises have been given that will help the students to evaluate their studies.
We express our sincere gratitude to Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and their eminent
dedicated editorial, production and response division team who have brought out this book in a
record time period.
We also express our deep sense of gratitude towards our parents and friends. Without their
support and encouragement, this book could not have taken shape.
We will be highly obliged to all faculties and students who will point out our mistakes that
have escaped our attention.
We shall gratefully acknowledge constructive suggestions, feedback, comments and
criticisms, as they will help in further improvement for next edition of the book.
Dr. Bhawna Sharma
Dr. Upendra Kumar Sharma
SYLLABUS
AS PER PCI CURRICULUM
FOR D.PHARMA
Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Course Code: ER20-12T)
Unit 1:
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Scope and objectives.
Sources and Types of Errors: Accuracy, precision, significant figures.
Impurities in Pharmaceuticals: Source and effect of impurities in pharmacopoeial substances, importance
of limit test, Principle and procedures of limit tests for chlorides, sulphates, iron, heavy metals and arsenic.
Unit 2:
Volumetric Analysis: Fundamentals of volumetric analysis, acid-base titration, non-aqueous titration,
precipitation titration, complexometric titration, redox titration.
Gravimetric Analysis: Principle and method.
Unit 3:
Inorganic Pharmaceuticals: Pharmaceutical formulations, market preparations, storage conditions and
uses of:
• Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate, Ferrous fumarate, Ferric ammonium citrate, Ferrous ascorbate,
Carbonyl iron.
• Gastrointestinal Agents: Antacids: Aluminium hydroxide gel, Magnesium hydroxide, Magaldrate,
Sodium bicarbonate, Calcium Carbonate, Acidifying agents, Adsorbents, Protectives, Cathartics.
• Topical Agents: Silver Nitrate, Ionic Silver, Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Hydrogen peroxide, Boric
acid, Bleaching powder, Potassium permanganate.
• Dental Products: Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride, Denture cleaners, Denture adhesives,
Mouthwashes.
• Medicinal Gases: Carbon dioxide, Nitrous oxide, Oxygen.
Unit 4:
Introduction to nomenclature of organic chemical systems with particular reference to heterocyclic
compounds containing up to three rings.
Unit 5:
Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
• Anaesthetics: Thiopental Sodium*, Ketamine Hydrochloride*, Propofol
• Sedatives and Hypnotics: Diazepam*, Alprazolam*, Nitrazepam, Phenobarbital*
• Antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride*, Haloperidol*, Risperidone*, Sulpiride*,
Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Lurasidone
• Anticonvulsants: Phenytoin*, Carbamazepine*, Clonazepam, Valproic Acid*, Gabapentin*,
Topiramate, Vigabatrin, Lamotrigine
• Anti-depressants: Amitriptyline Hydrochloride*, Imipramine Hydrochloride*, Fluoxetine*,
Venlafaxine, Duloxetine, Sertraline, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine
Unit 6:
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System
• Sympathomimetic Agents: Direct Acting: Norepinephrine*, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine,
Dopamine*, Terbutaline, Salbutamol (Albuterol), Naphazoline*, Tetrahydrozoline. Indirect Acting
Agents: Hydroxy Amphetamine, Pseudoephedrine. Agents with Mixed Mechanism: Ephedrine,
Metaraminol.
• Adrenergic Antagonists: Alpha-adrenergic Blockers: Tolazoline, Phentolamine
Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin. Beta Adrenergic Blockers: Propranolol*, Atenolol*, Carvedilol.
• Cholinergic Drugs and Related Agents: Direct Acting Agents: Acetylcholine*, Carbachol and
Pilocarpine. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Neostigmine*, Edrophonium Chloride, Tacrine
Hydrochloride, Pralidoxime Chloride, Echothiopate Iodide.
• Cholinergic Blocking Agents: Atropine Sulphate*, Ipratropium Bromide.
• Synthetic Cholinergic Blocking Agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride, Clidinium
Bromide, Dicyclomine Hydrochloride*.
Unit 7:
Drugs Acting on Cardiovascular System
• Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Quinidine Sulphate, Procainamide Hydrochloride, Verapamil, Phenytoin
Sodium*, Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Lorcainide Hydrochloride, Amiodarone and Sotalol.
• Anti-hypertensive Agents: Propranolol*, Captopril*, Ramipril, Methyldopate Hydrochloride,
Clonidine Hydrochloride, Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Nifedipine.
• Antianginal Agents: Isosorbide Dinitrate.
Unit 8:
Diuretics: Acetazolamide, Frusemide*, Bumetanide, Chlorthalidone, Benzthiazide, Metolazone, Xipamide,
Spironolactone
Unit 9:
Hypoglycemic Agents: Insulin and Its Preparations, Metformin*, Glibenclamide*, Glimepiride,
Pioglitazone, Repaglinide, Gliflozins, Gliptins
Unit 10:
• Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Agents: Morphine Analogues, Narcotic Antagonists; Non-
steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) – Aspirin*, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen*, Piroxicam,
Celecoxib, Mefenamic Acid, Paracetamol*, Aceclofenac.
Unit 11:
Anti-infective Agents
• Antifungal Agents: Amphotericin-B, Griseofulvin, Miconazole, Ketoconazole*, Itraconazole,
Fluconazole*, Naftifine Hydrochloride.
• Urinary Tract Anti-infective Agents: Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin*, Moxifloxacin.
• Anti-tubercular Agents: INH*, Ethambutol, Para Amino Salicylic Acid, Pyrazinamide,
Rifampicin, Bedaquiline, Delamanid, Pretomanid*.
• Antiviral Agents: Amantadine Hydrochloride, Idoxuridine, Acyclovir*, Foscarnet, Zidovudine,
Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Favipiravir.
• Antimalarials: Quinine Sulphate, Chloroquine Phosphate*, Primaquine Phosphate, Mefloquine*,
Cycloguanil, Pyrimethamine, Artemisinin.
• Sulfonamides: Sulfanilamide, Sulfadiazine, Sulfametho xazole, Sulfacetamide*, Mafenide Acetate,
Cotrimoxazole, Dapsone*.
Unit 12:
Antibiotics: Penicillin G, Amoxicillin*, Cloxacillin, Streptomycin, Tetracyclines: Doxycycline,
Minocycline.
Macrolides: Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Miscellaneous: Chloramphenicol*, Clindamycin.
Unit 13:
Anti-neoplastic Agents: Cyclophosphamide*, Busulfan, Mercaptopurine, Fluorouracil*, Methotrexate,
Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Vinblastine Sulphate, Cisplatin*, Dromostanolone Propionate.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry 1 ‒ 22
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Scope of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
1.3 Sources and Types of Errors
1.3.1 Classification of Errors
1.3.2 Accuracy
1.3.3 Precision
1.3.4 Significant Figures
1.4 Impurities in Pharmaceuticals
1.4.1 Classification of Sources of Impurities
1.4.2 Importance of Limit Test
1.4.3 Limit Test for Chlorides
1.4.4 Limit Test for Sulphates
1.4.5 Limit Test for Iron
1.4.6 Limit Test for Heavy Metals
1.4.7 Limit Test for Arsenic
1.5 Exercise
Chapter 2 Volumetric and Gravimetric Analysis 23 ‒ 69
2.1 Introduction to Pharmaceutical Analysis
2.2 Scope of Analytical Chemistry
2.3 Different Techniques of Analysis
2.4 Fundamental/Basic Principles Used in Volumetric Analysis
2.5 Different Types of Volumetric Analysis
2.6 Modern Concept of Acid and Bases
2.7 Ph, pOH and Buffer Solutions
2.8 Acid-Base Indicators
2.9 Theories of Acid-Base Indicators
2.9.1 Ostwald Theory
2.9.2 Resonance or Quinonoid Theory
2.10 Classification of Acid-Base Titrations
2.11 Types of Non-aqueous Solvents
2.12 Classification of Ionizing Solvents
2.13 Leveling and Differentiating Effect
2.14 Detection of End-point in Non-aqueous Titration
2.15 Acidimetry and Alkalimetric Titration
2.16 Assay of Sodium Benzoate
2.17 Types of Precipitation Titration
2.17.1 Argentometric Titration
2.17.2 Mercurometric Titration
2.18 Types of Complexometric Titration
2.19 Metal ion Indicators
2.20 Masking and Demasking Agents
2.21 Preparation and Standardization of 0.05 M Disodium Edetate Solution
2.22 Estimation of Magnesium Sulphate
2.23 Oxidation-Reduction Reaction (Redox Titration)
2.24 Redox Reaction
2.25 Oxidation Number (Oxidation State)
2.26 Redox Titration
2.27 Redox Indicators
2.28 Principle of Gravimetric analysis
2.29 Types of Gravimetric Analysis
2.30 Steps Involved in Precipitation Gravimetry
2.31 Purity of Precipitate
2.31.1 Co-precipitation
2.32 Exercise
Chapter 3 Inorganic Pharmaceuticals 70 ‒ 124
3.1 Haematinics
3.1.1 Ferrous Sulphate
3.1.2 Ferrous Fumarate
3.1.3 Ferric Ammonium Citrate
3.1.4 Ferrous Ascorbate
3.1.5 Carbonyl Iron
3.2 Gastrointestinal Agents
3.2.1 Aluminium Hydroxide Gel
3.2.2 Magnesium Hydroxide
3.2.3 Magaldrate
3.2.4 Sodium Bicarbonate
3.2.5 Calcium Carbonate
3.2.6 Acidifying Agents
3.2.7 Protectives and Adsorbents
3.2.8 Cathartics
3.2.9 Laxatives
3.3 Topical Agents
3.3.1 Antimicrobials
3.3.2 Silver Nitrate
3.3.3 Ionic Silver
3.3.4 Chlorhexidine Gluconate
3.3.5 Hydrogen Peroxide
3.3.6 Boric Acid
3.3.7 Bleaching Powder
3.3.8 Potassium Permanganate
3.4 Dental Products
3.4.1 Calcium Carbonate
3.4.2 Denture Cleaners
3.4.3 Denture Adhesives
3.4.4 Mouthwashes
3.5 Medicinal Gases
3.5.1 Carbon Dioxide
3.5.2 Nitrous Oxide
3.5.3 Oxygen
3.6 Exercise
Chapter 4 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 125 ‒ 136
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Drug Nomenclature
4.3 Naming of Important Organic Groups
4.4 Naming of Heterocyclic Nuclei
4.5 Exercise
Chapter 5 Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System 137 ‒ 173
5.1 Anaesthetics
5.1.1 Thiopental Sodium
5.1.2 Ketamine Hydrochloride
5.1.3 Propofol
5.2 Sedatives and Hypnotics
5.2.1 Diazepam
5.2.2 Alprazolam
5.2.3 Nitrazepam
5.2.4 Phenobarbital
5.3 Antipsychotics
5.3.1 Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride
5.3.2 Haloperidol
5.3.3 Risperidone
5.3.4 Sulpiride
5.3.5 Olanzapine
5.3.6 Quetiapine
5.3.7 Lurasidone
5.4 Anticonvulsants
5.4.1 Phenytoin
5.4.2 Carbamazepine
5.4.3 Clonazepam
5.4.4 Valproic Acid
5.4.5 Gabapentin
5.4.6 Topiramate
5.4.7 Vigabatrin
5.4.8 Lamotrigine
5.5 Anti-depressants
5.5.1 Amitriptyline Hydrochloride
5.5.2 Imipramine Hydrochloride
5.5.3 Fluoxetine
5.5.4 Venlafaxine
5.5.5 Duloxetine
5.5.6 Sertraline
5.5.7 Citalopram
5.5.8 Escitalopram
5.5.9 Fluvoxamine
5.5.10 Paroxetine
5.6 Exercise
Chapter 6 Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System 174 ‒ 209
6.1 Sympathomimetic Agents
6.1.1 Norepinephrine
6.1.2 Epinephrine
6.1.3 Phenylephrine
6.1.4 Dopamine
6.1.5 Terbutaline
6.1.6 Salbutamol
6.1.7 Naphazoline
6.1.8 Tetrahydrozoline
6.1.9 Hydroxy Amphetamine
6.1.10 Pseudoephedrine
6.1.11 Ephedrine
6.1.12 Metaraminol
6.2 Adrenergic Antagonists
6.2.1 Tolazoline
6.2.2 Phentolamine
6.2.3 Phenoxybenzamine
6.2.4 Prazosin
6.2.5 Propranolol
6.2.6 Atenolol
6.2.7 Carvedilol
6.3 Cholinergic Drugs and Related Agents
6.3.1 Acetylcholine
6.3.2 Carbachol
6.3.3 Pilocarpine
6.3.4 Neostigmine
6.3.5 Edrophonium Chloride
6.3.6 Tacrine Hydrochloride