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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5265_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Inorganic Pharmaceuticals 107
Marketed Preparations of Bleaching Powder:
Brand Name
Dosage Form
Company
Vikram Brand
Stable Bleaching Powder Purity (%): 100%
Grasim Industries Limited
DCM Shriram
DCM Bleaching Powder
Shri Ram Vinyl &
Chemical Industries
Sankalp
Sankalp Bleaching Powder 250 g Stain
Remover
Sankalp Scientific
3.3.8 Potassium Permanganate
Molecular Formula: KMnO
4
Molecular Weight: 158.034 g/mol
Synonyms: Chlorinated lime, Calcium hypochlorite
Preparation: Industrially, Potassium permanganate is produced from manganese dioxide.
MnO
2
is fused with potassium hydroxide and heated in air or with another source of oxygen
like potassium nitrate or potassium chlorate to produce potassium manganate.
2MnO
2
+ 4KOH + O
2
→ 2K
2
MnO
4
+ 2H
2
O
Then, potassium manganate is converted into permanganate by electrolytic oxidation in alkaline
media:
2K
2
MnO
4
+ 2H
2
O → 2KMnO
4
+ 2KOH + H
2
Properties: Potassium permanganate occurs as a purplish and black colored, odorless, crystalline
solid. It has a sweet taste. It is soluble in water, acetone, acetic acid, methanol, and pyridine. It
dissolves in water to give intensely pink or purple solutions. It occurs in the form of monoclinic
prisms, almost opaque with a blue metallic lustre.
Uses:
➢ Potassium permanganate is widely used in chemical industry and laboratories as a
strong oxidizing agent.
➢ It is used for a number of skin conditions, includes fungal infections of the
foot, impetigo, pemphigus, superficial wounds, dermatitis and tropical ulcers.
➢ It is also used in tanning leathers and printing fabrics.
➢ It is used as a bleaching agent, as a pesticide, and as an antiseptic.
➢ It acts as an oxidizing agent in the chemical synthesis of many important compounds.
108 Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Marketed Preparation of Potassium Permanganate:
Brand Name
Dosage Form
Company
Avarice
Crystals Potassium Permanganate 500 gm
Deep Chemicals
Potassium
Permanganate
Potassium Permanganate 100 g, Reagent
ChemQuest
Potassium
Permanganate
Potassium Permanganate I.P.
Glister Pharmaceuticals
Storage: Keep away from sources of ignition, protect from the direct heat, sunlight, and moisture.
Keep container closed when not in use. Store it in a tightly closed container in a cool, dry and
well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances. It is stable under normal temperatures
and pressures.
3.4 DENTAL PRODUCTS
Dental hygiene has been considered as essential to the health of the teeth, gums, and mouth.
Poor dental hygiene can lead to cavities and gum disease, as well as other health problems like
heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.
Oral cavity comes in contact with bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These agents make up the
normal flora of the mouth. They are usually harmless in small quantities but a diet high in sugar
creates conditions in which acid-producing bacteria can flourish. This acid production
dissolves tooth enamel and leads to dental cavities.
Dental health is related with the teeth, gums and mouth. The goal is to prevent complications
such as tooth decay (cavities) and gum disease, and to maintain the overall health of your mouth.
Parts of Tooth:
In the human body, teeth are the hardest substances. It is essential for chewing. The teeth also
play an important role in speech. Parts of the teeth include:
➢ Dentin: Dentin is the layer underlying the enamel of the tooth. The dental pulp lies soft
and encased within the dentin. When the enamel is damaged, heat and cold can cause
sensitivity or pain.
➢ Enamel: It is the thin outer covering of the tooth. Enamel covers the crown and made of
calcium phosphate, a rock-hard mineral.
➢ Pulp: Pulp is a softer mass of connective tissue that resides within the center of the tooth.
Blood vessels and nerves run through the pulp of the teeth.
➢ Cementum: The cementum is the surface layer of the tooth root, covering the dentine
that bind the roots of the teeth firmly to the gums and jawbone.
➢ Periodontal ligament: It is a tissue that helps to hold the teeth tightly against the jaw.
Inorganic Pharmaceuticals 109
Fig. 3.1: Parts of tooth
Common Teeth Conditions
➢ Decay: Tooth decay is a condition in which teeth are damaged that can potentially result
in cavities, dental abscesses, or even tooth loss.
➢ Cavities (Tooth Decay): Cavities are caused due to breakdown of the tooth enamel by
acids produced by bacteria. Most cavities occur on molars and premolars.
➢ Periodontitis: Periodontitis is a severe inflammation of the deeper structures of the teeth
(periodontal ligament, jawbone, and cementum).
➢ Gingivitis: Gingivitis is a common and mild inflammation of the surface portion of the
gums that causes irritation, redness and swelling of the gingival.
➢ Plaque: Plaque is a sticky colorless film of bacteria that constantly forms on teeth. It can
develop quickly on teeth after eating sugary food.
➢ Tartar: Tartar is the hard calcified deposit that form and coat the teeth and gums.
➢ Tooth sensitivity: When one or more teeth become sensitive to heat or cold, it may mean
the dentin is exposed.
For maintenance of dental hygiene, numerous dental products are available in market. Dental
products are the substances used to produce effect on teeth and in dental cavity. Various inorganic
chemicals and their preparations are known which find application in the practice of dental, oral
disorders as well as in dentistry. Dental caries or tooth decay is caused by acids produced by the
action of microorganism on carbohydrates. A wide variety of inorganic compounds are used as
dental products in dental care and treatment. Dental products include:
110 Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
➢ Cleansing agents or Dentifrices
➢ Desensitizing agents
➢ Anticaries agents
➢ Polishing agents
➢ Oral antiseptic
➢ Mouthwashes
➢ Cements and fillers
Cleansing Agents or Dentifrices
Dentifrices are the agents used along with a toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the
accessible surface of teeth. These agents are supplied in paste, powder, gel, or liquid form.
Generally dentifrices are of two types: (i) Cosmetic Dentifrice and (ii) Therapeutic Dentifrice.
1. Cosmetic Dentifrice: These agents are effective in removing of external staining that
occurs on the surface of the tooth. Usually, the end product of bacterial metabolism,
range from green to yellow to black and provide the cosmetic benefits.
2. Therapeutic Dentifrice: These agents must reduce some disease process in mouth such
as caries incidence and provide therapeutic benefits.
Some examples of dentifrices are Calcium carbonate, Calcium phosphate, Calcium sulphate
and Sodium bicarbonate.
3.4.1 Calcium Carbonate
Molecular Formula: CaCO
3
Molecular Weight: 100.0869 g/mol
Brand Names: Calci-Chew, Oysco 500, Calci Mix (obsolete)
Calcium Carbonate is the carbonic salt of calcium (CaCO
3
). Very common natural form of
calcium carbonate is chalk, limestone and marble, produced by the sedimentation of the shells of
small fossilized snails, shellfish and coral.
Preparation:
1. Calcium carbonate is produced by using carbon dioxide and slaked lime as raw
materials. When carbon dioxide is passed through slaked lime, desired product calcite is
obtained.
CaO + H
2
O → Ca(OH)
2
Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
→ CaCO
3
↓ + H
2
O
2. Calcium carbonate is also prepared by another method by adding sodium carbonate to
calcium chloride.
CaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
→ CaCO
3
+ 2NaCl
Inorganic Pharmaceuticals 111
Properties: Calcium carbonate appears as white, odorless powder or colorless fluffy powder that
decomposes into carbon dioxide when heated up to 1200 K. It has a thermodynamically stable
hexagonal shape. It is practically insoluble in water and occurs extensive in rocks worldwide.
It produces carbon dioxide as a by-product, when it reacts with dilute acid.
Uses of Calcium Carbonate: The list of uses of calcium carbonate is given below:
➢ Calcium carbonate plays an important role in construction as a building material (marble)
or an ingredient in cement.
➢ It is used to make paints, paper, and plastics,
➢ It is widely used mineral in the paper, plastics, paints and coatings industries both as filler
and a coating pigment.
➢ It is widely used as an effective dietary calcium supplement, antacid, phosphate binder, or
base material for medicinal tablets.
➢ It is used as calcium supplements.
Pharmaceutical Formulations:
➢ Calcium Carbonate Chewable Tablets (Antacid) (Tums Smoothies, Tums)
➢ Calcium Carbonate Capsules and Tablets (Caltrate)
➢ Aluminum hydroxide/Aspirin/Calcium carbonate/Magnesium hydroxide systemic
➢ Calcium carbonate, Famotidine, and Magnesium hydroxide oral tablet, chewable (800
mg-10 mg-165 mg)
Dosage Forms and Strength:
➢ Oral suspension (1250 mg/5 ml)
➢ Oral tablet (1250 mg; 600 mg; 648 mg)
➢ Oral tablet, chewable (1000 mg; 1177 mg; 400 mg; 420 mg; 500 mg; 550 mg; 600 mg;
750 mg; 850 mg; base 500 mg).
Marketed Preparations of Calcium Carbonate:
Brand Name
Dosage Form
Company
Encalvit
Calcium Carbonate Tablet
Vibrant Pharmaceuticals
Ciancal
Calcium Carbonate 1250 mg
Asian Healthcare Pvt. Ltd.
Calcimax
Calcimax 500 mg tablet
Meyer Organics
Storage: Store it in a cool, dry area. Store material tightly sealed in properly labeled containers.
Protect from moisture.
Sodium Fluoride
Molecular Formula: NaF
Molecular Weight: 41.98817 g/mol
Brand Names: PreviDent, Phos-Flur Rinse, Phos-Flur Gel, Prevident 5000
112 Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Sodium Fluoride is an inorganic salt of fluoride. It is a mineral that strengthens tooth enamel
and helps to prevent dental decay.
Preparation: Sodium fluoride is prepared by the reaction of hydrofluoric acid with sodium
carbonate or sodium hydroxide. Alcohols are sometimes used to precipitate the NaF.
HF + NaOH → NaF + H
2
O
Properties: Sodium fluoride appears as a colorless crystalline solid or white powder, or the solid
dissolves in a liquid. It is soluble in water. It is non-combustible. It is corrosive to aluminum.
Uses of Sodium Fluoride:
➢ Sodium fluoride paste is used to prevent tooth decay and also helps to decrease sensitivity
of the teeth.
➢ It is used for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
➢ It is used as a cleaning agent (e.g., as a “laundry sour”).
➢ It can be used in a nuclear molten salt reactor.
➢ It is used as an insecticide.
➢ It is added to toothpastes or mouthwashes or to municipal water supplies.
➢ It is used as a wood preservative, in cleaning compounds, manufacture of glass, and for
many other uses.
Pharmaceutical Formulations: dosage forms and strengths
Dental Cream: 1.1% as sodium
Dental Gel: 1.1% as sodium, 0.4% as stannous fluoride
Dental Paste: 1.1% as sodium
Solution: 0.02% as fluoride, 0.2% as sodium
1. Fluoride 5000 ppm Toothpaste
1 g of toothpaste contains 5 mg fluoride (as sodium fluoride), corresponding to 5000 ppm
fluoride, sodium fluoride 1.1% w/w.
➢ Sodium benzoate
➢ Sorbitol solution (non-crystallizing)
➢ Propylene glycol
➢ Purified water
2. Fluoride 2800 ppm Toothpaste
1 g of toothpaste contains 2.8 mg fluoride (as sodium fluoride), corresponding to 2800 ppm
fluoride, sodium fluoride 0.619% w/w.
➢ Sorbitol solution (non-crystallizing)
➢ Propylene glycol
➢ Purified water
Inorganic Pharmaceuticals 113
Marketed Preparations of Sodium Fluoride:
Brand Name
Dosage Form
Company
Colgate Phos-Flur
Sodium fluoride I.P (500 ml)
Phos-Flur
Colgate Total Advanced
Whitening
Sodium fluoride (100 gm):
Toothpaste for Sensitive Teeth
Colgate Palmolive
Colgate sensitive whitening
Sodium monofluoro phosphate
(1000 ppm): Toothpaste
Colgate Palmolive
Storage: Store it at room temperature between 68-77ºF (20-25ºC) away from heat and moisture.
Liquid form should be stored in the original plastic container. Do not store in the wet place.
3.4.2 Denture Cleaners
Dentures
When a person’s teeth have been lost due to decay or injury and they have trouble eating,
chewing, or even speaking, dentures are used to replace the missing teeth that have been lost due
to dental decay or injury. “Dentures are removable artificial teeth and gums developed by dentists
to replace natural teeth that have been lost or removed.”
Types of Dentures
Dentures are primarily divided into two types, each manufactured of a different material
(porcelain or acrylic) and fulfilling a specific purpose.
➢ Full dentures (complete dentures), consist of full sets both upper and lower teeth and are
removable devices that can be used to replace missing teeth.
➢ Partial dentures are used to replace several missing teeth but not an entire upper or
lower set of teeth.
Dentures cleaner (or denture cleansers) are the products that are used to clean dentures when
they are out of the mouth. The main use of these agents to control the growth
of microorganisms on the dentures like Candida albicans will grow on dentures in the mouth that
leads to inflammation and redness of oral mucous membranes. Denture cleansers are classified in
two ways: (1) According to type and (2) According to the mode of action.
1. According to Type: Denture cleansers come in four major types: basic pastes, tablets,
gels, solutions and creams.
2. According to the Mode of Action: The most commonly used cleansers are represented
by the group of alkaline peroxides.
➢ Oxidizing (bleaching) agents: These agents are used to remove staining and kill the
bacteria harbored on a denture’s surface, e.g., Alkaline perborate, Sodium perborate
or Postassium monopersulfate.
114 Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
➢ Reducing Solutions: These compounds are used for the rapid disintegration and
also create a mechanical cleansing action, e.g., Sodium hypochlorite effervescing
agents – Perborate, carbonate or citric acid.
➢ Chelating agents: This type of compound helps to remove the tartar (hard substance
that forms on teeth) that has accumulated on a denture’s surface, e.g., EDTA
(ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid).
➢ Hydrogen peroxide: 3% hydrogen peroxide.
➢ Detergents: These agents help in cleansing the denture, e.g., Sodium polyphosphate.
➢ Disinfectants: e.g., Potassium permanganate, Gluteraldehyde.
➢ Enzymes: e.g., Protease, Amylase.
➢ Additional compounds – Dye markers, flavorings and fragrances.
Pharmaceutical Formulations:
1. Sodium Perborate Monohydrate Tablet
➢ Sodium perborate monohydrate – 480 mg
➢ Citric acid – 10-15%
➢ Sodium bicarbonate – 10-20%
➢ Polyvinyl pyrrolidine – 1.0-3.0%
➢ Sodium benzoate – 1.0-2.0%
➢ Magnesium stearate – 0.1-0.3%
➢ Potassium monopersulfate – 0.1%
➢ Coloring agents – 0.1%
Marketed Preparations of Dentures Cleaner:
Brand Name
Dosage Form
Company
Efferdent®
Antibacterial Denture Cleanser, Tablet
3G Chemist
Fixodent®
Denture Cleaning Paste
Ingredients: Sodium perborate monohydrate 10-30%,
Sodium carbonate 10-30%, citric acid 1-5%
Procter & Gamble
Polident
Polident Antibacterial Overnight Denture Cleanser Tablet
Polident
Stim-U-Dent
Fresh 'n Brite Denture Cleaning Paste
Ingredients: Propylene glycol, Purified Water, Methyl
paraben, Saccharin Sodium Powder, Sodium Lauryl
Sulfate, Polyethylene Glycol, Silicon Dioxide, Hydrated
Silicon Dioxide
ADA
Inorganic Pharmaceuticals 115
Storage of Dentures: Denture cleaners or solutions provide the advantages of reducing the
amount of bacteria and fungi that live on the dentures and preventing unpleasant odors. Storing
the dentures correctly prolong their life. Always follow the instructions on denture storage as
given by the dental professional.
➢ Rinse the dentures thoroughly under clean water before putting them back in the mouth.
➢ Don’t place the dentures in hot water.
➢ Don’t use any whitening products or bleach solutions to clean the dentures, as these can
cause damage.
➢ Keep the dentures moist, or they may lose their shape.
Uses of Denture Cleaner:
➢ It is used to control the growth of microorganisms on the dentures.
➢ It is used to remove stains and other debris by diet, tobacco, drinking coffee, drinking tea,
etc.
➢ It is used to prevent denture related stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth and lips).
➢ It is used to get rid of food particles or adhesives that might be stuck in the dentures.
3.4.3 Denture Adhesives
Adhesives are the substance in a liquid, or semi-liquid state, that are used to join surfaces
permanently. Denture adhesives are non-toxic, soluble material of sticky nature that can be
applied over tissue surface of the denture in order to help them stay in place or enhance the
quality of denture and stability too. Denture adhesives are available as powder, cream or liquid,
pastes or adhesive pads.
Characteristics of Ideal Denture Cleaner: Denture adhesives should have the following
characteristics:
➢ It should be non-irritant, non-toxic and biocompatible.
➢ It should have the property of easy application and removal from the tissue surface of the
denture.
➢ It should not develop microbial growth.
➢ It should be odorless and tasteless.
➢ It should be available as gels, creams, and powders.
➢ It should be less expensive.
Pharmaceutical Formulations of Adhesive Powder:
1. A denture adhesive powder was prepared from the following ingredients:
➢ Polyacrylic acid 20%
➢ Polyvinyl alcohol 35%
➢ Polyethylene glycol 15%
➢ Polyethylene oxide 10%
➢ Hydroxyethyl cellulose 18%
➢ Magnesium hydroxide 2%
116 Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
2. A denture adhesive cream may be prepared by blending the following ingredients together:
➢ Polyacrylic acid 20%
➢ Polyethylene glycol 12.5%
➢ Polyethylene oxide 10%
➢ Xanthan gum 12%
➢ Sodium bicarbonate 1.5%
➢ Mineral oil 26.5%
➢ Petrolatum 17.0%
➢ Flavor, color and preservative 0.5%
Components of Denture Adhesives:
Action
Components
Adhesive properties
Methylcellulose, Hydroxyl methylcellulose, Sodium carboxy-
methyl cellulose, Karaya gum, Tragacanth acacia, Pectin,
Gelatin
Synthetic polymers
Acetic polyvinyl, Polyethylene oxide, Acryl amides
Antimicrobial agents
Sodium borate, Sodium tetra borate, Ethanol, Hexachlorophene
Preservative and antifungal
Propythy-hydroxy benzoate
To minimize clumping
Silicon dioxide, Calcium stearate
Wetting agent
Sodium lauryl sulfate
Flavoring agents
Menthol, Peppermint oil and Oil of winter green
Binder
Petrolatum, Mineral oil, Polyethylene oxide
3.4.4 Mouthwashes
Mouthwashes are medicated liquid with pleasant taste and odor used for cleaning the oral
cavity and treating mucous membranes of the mouth. Mouthwash contains antibacterial agents,
glycerin, alcohol, sweetening agent, flavoring agent and coloring agents.
Types of Mouthwash and their Uses
There is a wide range of over-the-counter and prescription mouthwashes depending on their
ingredients. These are listed below: (1) Antiseptic/antibacterial, (2) Astringent and (3) Cooling,
refreshing action.