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Inorganic Pharmaceuticals 117
➢ Fluoride mouthwash: These types of mouthwashes contain sodium fluoride which helps
to protect the teeth from cavities and tooth decay.
➢ Antiseptic mouthwash: An antiseptic mouthwash contains alcohol and is mostly used by
people with mouth infection to stop bacterial growth. It is also helpful for people who
have bad breath.
➢ Cosmetic mouthwash: Cosmetic mouthwashes use just to freshen the breath or to mask
bad breath.
➢ Natural mouthwash: Natural mouthwash functions are same as the other types of
mouthwash do except the ingredients used for the preparation are natural.
Classification of Mouthwashes
Mouthwash (Property)
Ingredient
Antiseptic mouthwashes
Chlorhexidine, Listerine
Analgesic mouthwashes
Benzydamine, Lidocaine
Anticavity mouthwashes
Fluoride rinse
Antiallergic mouthwashes
Benadryl
Antibiotic mouthwashes
Tetracycline
Haemostatic mouthwashes
Tranexamic acid
Steroid mouthwashes
Triamcinolone acetonide
Ayurvedic mouthwashes
Triphala
Homemade mouthwashes
Normal saline gargle
Pharmaceutical Formulations of Mouthwashes:
1. Sodium Chloride Mouthwash 100 ml
➢ Sodium bicarbonate – 10 gm
➢ Sodium chloride – 15 gm
➢ Con. Peppermint emulsion – 25 ml
➢ Chloroform water – 50.0 ml
➢ Water – Upto 100 ml
2. Antiseptic Mouthwashes 100 ml
➢ Eucalyptus – 0.092%
➢ Menthol – 0.042%
➢ Methyl salicylate – 0.060%
➢ Thymol – 0%
3. Thermokind Mouthwash 150 ml
➢ Chlorhexidine gluconate – 0.2% w/v
➢ Sodium fluoride – 0.05% w/v
➢ Zinc chloride – 0.09% w/v
118 Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
4. Sodium Fluoride and Acidulated Phosphate Topical Solution USP
➢ Sodium Fluoride I.P. – 0.044% w/v
➢ Aqueous base – q.s.
➢ Potassium Sorbate – 0.10% w/v
➢ Color – Orange G
Marketed Preparations of Mouthwashes:
Brand Name
Dosage Form
Company
Optifresh
Chlorhexidine Sodium Fluoride and Zinc
Chloride 100 ml Mouthwash
Arion Healthcare
Dentosens
Liquid Potassium Nitrate and Sodium Fluoride
Mouthwash
Trio Life Science Pvt. Ltd.
Listerine
Listerine Anti Cavity Mouthwash 500 ml
Mon Pharmacien Conseil
Gargilin
Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash I.P.
Liquid
Trio Life Science Pvt. Ltd.
Storage Condition and Labeling: Mouthwashes are supplied in well closed airtight plastic
container having screw cap. It should be labeled with “For external use only and not to be
swallowed in large amount”.
3.5 MEDICINAL GASES
A clean supply of compressed air is used during medical procedures and is referred to as
medicinal gases. These gases are utilized in hospitals and healthcare facilities for patient
respiration, and are provided from a central supply source via cylinders or a piping network.
These gases are manufactured, packaged, and planned for administration to a patient in
anesthesia, therapy, or diagnosis. Medicinal gases are generally given to the pre-operated, intra-
operated and post-operated patients, and to the patients in case of emergency. The main official
therapeutically used gases are carbon dioxide, oxygen, helium, nitrous oxide, nitrogen and
medical air.
3.5.1 Carbon Dioxide
Molecular Formula: CO
2
Molecular Weight: 44.009 g·mol
−1
Carbon dioxide molecules consist of one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two
oxygen atoms. CO
2
gas is emitted when hydrocarbon fuels, e.g., wood, coal, natural gas, gasoline,
and oil are burned.
Inorganic Pharmaceuticals 119
Preparation of Carbon Dioxide:
1. Carbon dioxide is produced by thermal decomposition of limestone. CaCO
3
, by heating
at 850°C, produces calcium oxide (CaO) and CO
2
.
CaCO
3
→ CaO + CO
2
2. Carbon dioxide is produced by the reaction between acid and a carbonate. Calcium
carbonate (limestone or chalk) and hydrochloric acid are reacting to produce carbonic
acid. The carbonic acid (H
2
CO
3
) then decomposes to water and CO
2
.
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl → CaCl
2
+ H
2
CO
3
H
2
CO
3
→ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Properties of Carbon Dioxide: Carbon dioxide appears as a colorless and odorless gas at
atmospheric temperatures and pressures. It has sour taste. It is odorless at low concentrations, but
has a strong, acidic odor at sufficiently high concentrations. It has a melting point of –55.6°C and
boiling point of –78.5°C. It is a non-flammable and slightly toxic gas. It is soluble in water,
ethanol and acetone. Solubility decreases as temperature increases. It is denser than air and has a
density of 1.977 g/ml.
Uses of CO
2
:
➢ Carbon dioxide is used with anesthetics.
➢ It is used as a respiratory stimulation when mixed with oxygen, during and after the
administration of anaesthesia.
➢ It can be used as an insufflation gas for minimal invasive surgery, such as laparoscopy,
endoscopy and arthroscopy.
➢ It is used for refrigeration and cooling.
➢ It is used for quick freezing, surface freezing, chilling and refrigeration in the transport of
foods.
➢ It is used as a raw material in the chemical process industry, especially for methanol and
urea production.
➢ It is used as an inert gas in chemical processes, in the storage of carbon powder and in
fire extinguishers.
Storage: Carbon dioxide can be stored underground at a temperature not exceeding of 31.1°C and
a pressure of 72.9 atm. This temperature and pressure defines the critical point for CO
2
.
3.5.2 Nitrous Oxide
Molecular Formula: N
2
O
Molecular Weight: 44.01g/mol
Synonym: Laughing gas
It contains not less than 95% v/v of N
2
O.
120 Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Preparation of Nitrous Oxide:
1. It is produced by direct oxidation of ammonia with a manganese dioxide-bismuth
oxide catalyst has been reported.
2NH
3
+ 2O
2
→ N
2
O + 3H
2
O
2. Nitrous oxide is obtained by heating ammonia nitrate. On heating the ammonia nitrate
alone, it melts at 165°C, and decomposes it into nitrous oxide and water vapor.
NH
4
NO
3
→ 2H
2
O + N
2
O
Properties: Nitrous oxide is a naturally occurring gas that is colorless, non-flammable and sweet-
tasting gas. It has density of 1.22 g/cm
3
and its boiling point is –89°C. It boils to give a colorless
gas that is sweet-smelling and moderately toxic.
Uses of Nitrous Oxide:
➢ Nitrous Oxide is used in dentistry and surgery, for its anesthetic and pain-
reducing effects.
➢ It is used frequently to relieve pain associated with childbirth, trauma, oral surgery and
acute coronary syndrome.
➢ It is used as a food additive and as an aerosol spray propellant.
➢ It is used in dentistry.
➢ It is used as a flavoring ingredient.
Storage Conditions:
➢ Nitrous oxide is stored in blue steel cylinders as a colorless liquid under 745 psi
pressures.
➢ Store upright, including gas cylinders with a round bottom; store them in a crate. Protect
against falls and shocks.
➢ It is stored in a cylinder, compressed as a liquid/vapor below its critical temperature
(36.5°C).
➢ Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
➢ It must be stored to avoid contact with organic peroxides, ammonia, carbon monoxide,
hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and phosphine, since violent reactions occur.
➢ Cylinders should be stored in a cool, preferably fire-resistant.
➢ Store in a well-ventilated area free from combustible materials.
➢ Store full gas cylinders separately from empty gas cylinders.
Pharmaceutical Formulations:
➢ Nitrous oxide (Inhalation)
➢ Nitrous oxide USP UN1070 (95%) pure
➢ Nitrous oxide, USP
➢ Non-flammable gas 2
➢ Oxidizer 5.1
➢ Capacity 450 L
➢ Pressure 745 psi
Inorganic Pharmaceuticals 121
Marketed Preparations of Nitrous Oxide:
Brand Name
Dosage Form
Company
Nitrous oxide
Inhalants: nitrous oxide gas
Sri Venkateswara Carbonic
Gases Pvt. Ltd.
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide gas, for industrial and medical
J.K. Enterprises
Nitrous oxide
Medical nitrous oxide
Steelman Gases Pvt. Ltd.
3.5.3 Oxygen
Molecular Formula: O
2
Molecular Weight: 32
Synonym: Laughing gas
It contains not less than 99% v/v of oxygen with other gases.
Oxygen is a medical gas. It was introduced in the early 1900s. Several allotropes, or
molecular forms, of oxygen exist, but the three most common are molecular oxygen, or dioxygen,
O2; ozone, O
3
; and an atomic oxygen, O.
Properties: Oxygen is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas. It is non-combustible, but will
actively support the burning of combustible materials. It easily dissolves in water and alcohol,
reacts with other elements and compounds to form oxides. It condenses at −182.95°C, and freezes
at 218.79°C. It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity.
Preparation:
1. Preparation of Oxygen from Hydrogen Peroxide
Oxygen is produced from hydrogen peroxide, decomposes slowly into water and oxygen.
The rate of reaction can be increased using a catalyst, manganese oxide.
2H
2
O
2
→ 2H
2
O + O
2
2. Preparation of Oxygen from Potassium Chlorate
Potassium chlorate decomposes at a low temperature. Only the potassium chlorate is
decomposed, and no perchlorate is formed:
2KClO
3
→2KCl+3O
2
Uses of Oxygen:
➢ Oxygen is used as an inhalant in anaesthesia post-operative condition, burns and wounds,
osmotic condition, gaseous poisoning and artificial respiration.
➢ It is mixed with 5-7% CO
2
which is used for stimulating respiratory centre.
➢ The mixture of oxygen and helium 21:79 is used for patients with severe lung damage.
122 Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
➢ Oxygen is used as a sterilizing agent to kill bacteria.
➢ Supplemental oxygen at home and in hospitals is required for breathing disorders such as
emphysema.
➢ It is used widely as an oxidizing agent for use in missiles and rockets.
➢ It is used in sewage-treatment and water-purification plants.
➢ It is used in medical conditions such as cyanosis, shock, severe haemorrhage, carbon
monoxide poisoning, trauma, cardiovascular and respiratory arrest, resuscitation, and life
support.
Storage:
➢ Oxygen should be stored in an area that is at least 20 ft away from any flammable or
combustible materials.
➢ Gaseous oxygen is stored in cylinders at a pressure of 150-160 atm.
➢ Cylinder temperatures should not exceed 52°C (125°F).
➢ Store away from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area, away from
incompatible materials.
➢ Storing cylinders upright with attachments removed and valves closed.
➢ Keep cylinder valves and connections clean: dust, dirt, sand, oils, and greases are
potential fire hazards.
➢ Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use.
Pharmaceutical Formulations:
➢ Oxygen, Compressed (inhalants)
➢ Oxygen, Compressed USP UN1072
➢ Oxygen 2
➢ 16639 (R 08/10)
➢ Contents: 690 ltrs
➢ Cyl. Size E
➢ Top psig at 70°F
Marketed Preparations of Compressed Oxygen:
Brand Name
Dosage Form
Company
Oxygen
Liquid Oxygen Gas (99.99%)
Tripti Gases Pvt. Ltd., Navi
Mumbai
Clear Oxy
Clear Oxy Oxygen
Medvian Health Care
OXY99
Oxy99 Pure Oxygen 450 Inhalation/Breaths
AJ Solutions, Chennai
Inorganic Pharmaceuticals 123
3.6 EXERCISE
A. Long Answer Type Questions
1. Name the various official formulations of ferrous fumarate.
2. Write the preparation, formulation and uses of Calcium Carbonate.
3. What are antimicrobial agents?
4. Write the preparation and medicinal uses of sodium fluoride.
5. What are antacids? Write the classification and ideal properties of antacids.
6. What are Laxatives? Explain in brief about different types of laxatives.
7. What are Dentures cleaner? Write about storage condition and marketed preparations of
Dentures cleaner.
8. Write the preparation properties and uses of Carbonyl iron.
9. What are gastrointestinal agents? Write the classification and uses of gastrointestinal
agents.
10. Write the preparation, properties and uses of Sodium Bicarbonate.
B. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Define Hematinics.
2. What is the formula of ferrous ammonium sulphate?
3. Write the two marketed preparations of carbonyl iron.
4. What are dentifricing agents? Give examples.
5. Differentiate between achlorhydria and hypochlorhydria.
6. Write a short note on mouthwash.
7. Write the pharmaceutical formulations of ferrous ascorbate.
8. Write the method of preparation and uses of ferrous sulphate.
9. Write the pharmaceutical formulations of ferrous fumarate.
10. What are protectives and adsorbents? Write the applications of various commercial
adsorbents.
C. Fill in the Blanks
1. Green vitriol is also known as _______________.
2. Chemical formula of Aluminum hydroxide gel is _______________.
3. Chemical formula of Magnesium hydroxide is _______________.
4. Absence of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the gastric juices causes _______________.
5. Bleaching powder is also known as _______________.
6. The condition in which stomach produces excessive acid is called _______________.
7. Molecular formula of ferric ammonium citrate is _______________.
124 Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Answers:
1. Ferrous sulfate
2. Al(OH)
3
3. Mg (OH)
2
4. Achlorhydria
5. Chlorinated lime
6. Hyperacidity
7. (NH
4
)
5
[Fe (C
6
H
4
O
7
)
2
]
Chapter
4
NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
STRUCTURE
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Drug Nomenclature
4.3 Naming of Important Organic Groups
4.4 Naming of Heterocyclic Nuclei
4.5 Exercise
OBJECTIVES
Introduction to nomenclature of organic chemical systems with particular reference to
heterocyclic compounds containing up to three rings.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Organic compounds may be defined as a chemical substance in which one or more carbon
atoms are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen,
or nitrogen. Carbides, carbonates and cyanides, on the other hand, are some of the few carbon-
containing compounds that are not classified as organic.
As there is large number of organic compounds, a proper systematic classification was
required. Organic compounds can be broadly classified as acyclic (open chain) or cyclic (closed
chain). The organic compounds are made up of carbon and hydrogen. The principal organic
compound is one made up exclusively of sp
3
carbons covalently bonded to other carbon and
hydrogen through sigma bonds only.
All the organic compounds recognize with a systematic nomenclature system. Every
individual compound has a unique molecular structure which can be designated by a structural
formula. Each compound must be given a characteristic and unique name.
4.2 DRUG NOMENCLATURE
Nomenclature is the process of naming chemical compounds with different names so that
they can be easily identified as separate chemicals. Nomenclature of a drug is a systematic
approach for naming the active component of a drug product for the purposes of identification.
Any drug can be classified into one or more of the three categories below:
126 Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
➢ Chemical Name: It represents the chemical/molecular structure of the drug. It expresses
the structure in terms of atoms and molecules accompanied by a diagram of the chemical
structure. For example, Paracetamol is acetyl-p-amino-phenol.
➢ Non-proprietary/Generic Name: This is the approved and abbreviated name of the
drug. It is the official medical name assigned by the producer in collaboration with the
Food and Drugs Board and Nomenclature Committee.
➢ Proprietary/Trade/Brand Name: Brand name is developed by the manufacturing and
marketing company. In most cases, one drug could have so many trade/brand names. For
example, Acetaminophen has more than 25 trade names. Some are paracetamol, tylenol,
paramol, panadol, capol, etc.
It is important to be able to identify and name all compounds in a systematic way. The most
widely accepted format for nomenclature has been established by International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). IUPAC nomenclature system is a set of rules design and used by
organic chemists to overcome problems caused by random nomenclature. By these rules, one
should be able to write a unique name for every distinct compound.
4.3 NAMING OF IMPORTANT ORGANIC GROUPS
Acetamido CH
3
–CO–NH– Benzyl C
6
H
5
CH
2
−
Acetoxy CH
3
–CO–O– Bromo Br−
Acetyl CH
3
–CO– Butoxy CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
O−
Acryloyl- H
2
C=CH–C (=O) n-Butyl CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
−
Allyl- H
2
C=CH−CH
2
R Sec. Butyl −CH
3
CH
2
CH(CH
3
)−
Allyloxy- H
2
C=CH−CH
2
tert-butyl (CH
3
)
3
C−
Amidino C (=NH) NH
2
Butylamino CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH-
Amino NH
2
Butyramido CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CONH−
Anhydride R
1
(CO)O(CO)R
2
Butyryl CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CO−
Anilino C
6
H
5
NH− Carboxy COOH
Azido RN
3
Carbamoyl CONH
2
Azo RN
2
R' Carbamoyloxy COONH
2
Benzamide C
6
H
5
C(O)NH
2
Cyano RCN
Benzhydryl (C
6
H
5
)
2
CH Cyanato ROCN
Benzhydryloxy (C
6
H
5
)
2
CHO isocyano RNC
Benzoyl C
6
H
5
CO− Chloro Cl−
Diethylamino (CH
3
CH
2
)
2
N− Imido −CON=C<
Diethyl aminomethyl (CH
3
CH
2
)
2
NCH
2
– Imino RC(=NH)R'
2-Diethyl aminoethyl (CH
3
CH
2
)
2
NCH
2
CH
2
– Iodo I–